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<li class="nav-item nav-item-this"><a href="">Define and Access the Database</a></li>
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<section id="define-and-access-the-database">
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<h1>Define and Access the Database<a class="headerlink" href="#define-and-access-the-database" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h1>
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<p>The application will use a <a class="reference external" href="https://sqlite.org/about.html">SQLite</a> database to store users and posts.
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Python comes with built-in support for SQLite in the <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/sqlite3.html#module-sqlite3" title="(in Python v3.13)"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sqlite3</span></code></a>
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module.</p>
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<p>SQLite is convenient because it doesn’t require setting up a separate
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database server and is built-in to Python. However, if concurrent
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requests try to write to the database at the same time, they will slow
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down as each write happens sequentially. Small applications won’t notice
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this. Once you become big, you may want to switch to a different
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database.</p>
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<p>The tutorial doesn’t go into detail about SQL. If you are not familiar
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with it, the SQLite docs describe the <a class="reference external" href="https://sqlite.org/lang.html">language</a>.</p>
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<section id="connect-to-the-database">
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<h2>Connect to the Database<a class="headerlink" href="#connect-to-the-database" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
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<p>The first thing to do when working with a SQLite database (and most
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other Python database libraries) is to create a connection to it. Any
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queries and operations are performed using the connection, which is
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closed after the work is finished.</p>
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<p>In web applications this connection is typically tied to the request. It
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is created at some point when handling a request, and closed before the
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response is sent.</p>
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<div class="literal-block-wrapper docutils container" id="id1">
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<div class="code-block-caption"><span class="caption-text"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">flaskr/db.py</span></code></span><a class="headerlink" href="#id1" title="Link to this code">¶</a></div>
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<div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">sqlite3</span>
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<span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">datetime</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">datetime</span>
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<span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">click</span>
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<span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">flask</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">current_app</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">g</span>
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<span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">get_db</span><span class="p">():</span>
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<span class="k">if</span> <span class="s1">'db'</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">g</span><span class="p">:</span>
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<span class="n">g</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">db</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sqlite3</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">connect</span><span class="p">(</span>
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<span class="n">current_app</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">config</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'DATABASE'</span><span class="p">],</span>
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<span class="n">detect_types</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">sqlite3</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">PARSE_DECLTYPES</span>
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<span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="n">g</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">db</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">row_factory</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sqlite3</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Row</span>
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<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">g</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">db</span>
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<span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">close_db</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">e</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">):</span>
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<span class="n">db</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">g</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pop</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'db'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">db</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">:</span>
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<span class="n">db</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="p">()</span>
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<p><a class="reference internal" href="../api.html#flask.g" title="flask.g"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">g</span></code></a> is a special object that is unique for each request. It is
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used to store data that might be accessed by multiple functions during
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the request. The connection is stored and reused instead of creating a
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new connection if <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get_db</span></code> is called a second time in the same
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request.</p>
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<p><a class="reference internal" href="../api.html#flask.current_app" title="flask.current_app"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">current_app</span></code></a> is another special object that points to the Flask
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application handling the request. Since you used an application factory,
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there is no application object when writing the rest of your code.
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<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get_db</span></code> will be called when the application has been created and is
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handling a request, so <a class="reference internal" href="../api.html#flask.current_app" title="flask.current_app"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">current_app</span></code></a> can be used.</p>
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<p><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/sqlite3.html#sqlite3.connect" title="(in Python v3.13)"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sqlite3.connect()</span></code></a> establishes a connection to the file pointed at
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by the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DATABASE</span></code> configuration key. This file doesn’t have to exist
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yet, and won’t until you initialize the database later.</p>
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<p><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/sqlite3.html#sqlite3.Row" title="(in Python v3.13)"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sqlite3.Row</span></code></a> tells the connection to return rows that behave
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like dicts. This allows accessing the columns by name.</p>
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<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">close_db</span></code> checks if a connection was created by checking if <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">g.db</span></code>
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was set. If the connection exists, it is closed. Further down you will
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tell your application about the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">close_db</span></code> function in the application
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factory so that it is called after each request.</p>
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</section>
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<section id="create-the-tables">
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<h2>Create the Tables<a class="headerlink" href="#create-the-tables" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
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<p>In SQLite, data is stored in <em>tables</em> and <em>columns</em>. These need to be
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created before you can store and retrieve data. Flaskr will store users
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in the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">user</span></code> table, and posts in the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">post</span></code> table. Create a file
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with the SQL commands needed to create empty tables:</p>
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<div class="literal-block-wrapper docutils container" id="id2">
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<div class="code-block-caption"><span class="caption-text"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">flaskr/schema.sql</span></code></span><a class="headerlink" href="#id2" title="Link to this code">¶</a></div>
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<div class="highlight-sql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">DROP</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">TABLE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">IF</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">EXISTS</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">user</span><span class="p">;</span>
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<span class="k">DROP</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">TABLE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">IF</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">EXISTS</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">post</span><span class="p">;</span>
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<span class="k">CREATE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">TABLE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">user</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span>
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<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">id</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">INTEGER</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">PRIMARY</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">KEY</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">AUTOINCREMENT</span><span class="p">,</span>
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<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">username</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">TEXT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">UNIQUE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">NOT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">NULL</span><span class="p">,</span>
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<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">password</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">TEXT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">NOT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">NULL</span>
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<span class="p">);</span>
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<span class="k">CREATE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">TABLE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">post</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span>
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<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">id</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">INTEGER</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">PRIMARY</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">KEY</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">AUTOINCREMENT</span><span class="p">,</span>
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<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">author_id</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">INTEGER</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">NOT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">NULL</span><span class="p">,</span>
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<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">created</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">TIMESTAMP</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">NOT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">NULL</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">DEFAULT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">CURRENT_TIMESTAMP</span><span class="p">,</span>
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<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">title</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">TEXT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">NOT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">NULL</span><span class="p">,</span>
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<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">body</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">TEXT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">NOT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">NULL</span><span class="p">,</span>
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<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FOREIGN</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">KEY</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">author_id</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">REFERENCES</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">user</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">id</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="p">);</span>
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<p>Add the Python functions that will run these SQL commands to the
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<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">db.py</span></code> file:</p>
|
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<div class="literal-block-wrapper docutils container" id="id3">
|
|||
|
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<div class="code-block-caption"><span class="caption-text"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">flaskr/db.py</span></code></span><a class="headerlink" href="#id3" title="Link to this code">¶</a></div>
|
|||
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<div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">init_db</span><span class="p">():</span>
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<span class="n">db</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">get_db</span><span class="p">()</span>
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<span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">current_app</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">open_resource</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'schema.sql'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">f</span><span class="p">:</span>
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<span class="n">db</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">executescript</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">f</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">decode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'utf8'</span><span class="p">))</span>
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<span class="nd">@click</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">command</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'init-db'</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">init_db_command</span><span class="p">():</span>
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<span class="w"> </span><span class="sd">"""Clear the existing data and create new tables."""</span>
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<span class="n">init_db</span><span class="p">()</span>
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<span class="n">click</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">echo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'Initialized the database.'</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="n">sqlite3</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">register_converter</span><span class="p">(</span>
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<span class="s2">"timestamp"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">lambda</span> <span class="n">v</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">datetime</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fromisoformat</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">v</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">decode</span><span class="p">())</span>
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<span class="p">)</span>
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<p><a class="reference internal" href="../api.html#flask.Flask.open_resource" title="flask.Flask.open_resource"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">open_resource()</span></code></a> opens a file relative to
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the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">flaskr</span></code> package, which is useful since you won’t necessarily know
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where that location is when deploying the application later. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get_db</span></code>
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returns a database connection, which is used to execute the commands
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read from the file.</p>
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<p><a class="reference external" href="https://click.palletsprojects.com/en/stable/api/#click.command" title="(in Click v8.1.x)"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">click.command()</span></code></a> defines a command line command called <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">init-db</span></code>
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that calls the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">init_db</span></code> function and shows a success message to the
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user. You can read <a class="reference internal" href="../cli.html"><span class="doc">Command Line Interface</span></a> to learn more about writing commands.</p>
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<p>The call to <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/sqlite3.html#sqlite3.register_converter" title="(in Python v3.13)"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sqlite3.register_converter()</span></code></a> tells Python how to
|
|||
|
|
interpret timestamp values in the database. We convert the value to a
|
|||
|
|
<a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/datetime.html#datetime.datetime" title="(in Python v3.13)"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">datetime.datetime</span></code></a>.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</section>
|
|||
|
|
<section id="register-with-the-application">
|
|||
|
|
<h2>Register with the Application<a class="headerlink" href="#register-with-the-application" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
|
|||
|
|
<p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">close_db</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">init_db_command</span></code> functions need to be registered
|
|||
|
|
with the application instance; otherwise, they won’t be used by the
|
|||
|
|
application. However, since you’re using a factory function, that
|
|||
|
|
instance isn’t available when writing the functions. Instead, write a
|
|||
|
|
function that takes an application and does the registration.</p>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="literal-block-wrapper docutils container" id="id4">
|
|||
|
|
<div class="code-block-caption"><span class="caption-text"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">flaskr/db.py</span></code></span><a class="headerlink" href="#id4" title="Link to this code">¶</a></div>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">init_app</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">app</span><span class="p">):</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="n">app</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">teardown_appcontext</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">close_db</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="n">app</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">cli</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_command</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">init_db_command</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
|||
|
|
</pre></div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<p><a class="reference internal" href="../api.html#flask.Flask.teardown_appcontext" title="flask.Flask.teardown_appcontext"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">app.teardown_appcontext()</span></code></a> tells
|
|||
|
|
Flask to call that function when cleaning up after returning the
|
|||
|
|
response.</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p><a class="reference external" href="https://click.palletsprojects.com/en/stable/api/#click.Group.add_command" title="(in Click v8.1.x)"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">app.cli.add_command()</span></code></a> adds a new
|
|||
|
|
command that can be called with the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">flask</span></code> command.</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p>Import and call this function from the factory. Place the new code at
|
|||
|
|
the end of the factory function before returning the app.</p>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="literal-block-wrapper docutils container" id="id5">
|
|||
|
|
<div class="code-block-caption"><span class="caption-text"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">flaskr/__init__.py</span></code></span><a class="headerlink" href="#id5" title="Link to this code">¶</a></div>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">create_app</span><span class="p">():</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="n">app</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">...</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="c1"># existing code omitted</span>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">.</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">db</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="n">db</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">init_app</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">app</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">app</span>
|
|||
|
|
</pre></div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</section>
|
|||
|
|
<section id="initialize-the-database-file">
|
|||
|
|
<h2>Initialize the Database File<a class="headerlink" href="#initialize-the-database-file" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
|
|||
|
|
<p>Now that <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">init-db</span></code> has been registered with the app, it can be called
|
|||
|
|
using the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">flask</span></code> command, similar to the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">run</span></code> command from the
|
|||
|
|
previous page.</p>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="admonition note">
|
|||
|
|
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p>If you’re still running the server from the previous page, you can
|
|||
|
|
either stop the server, or run this command in a new terminal. If
|
|||
|
|
you use a new terminal, remember to change to your project directory
|
|||
|
|
and activate the env as described in <a class="reference internal" href="../installation.html"><span class="doc">Installation</span></a>.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<p>Run the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">init-db</span></code> command:</p>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>$ flask --app flaskr init-db
|
|||
|
|
Initialized the database.
|
|||
|
|
</pre></div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<p>There will now be a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">flaskr.sqlite</span></code> file in the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">instance</span></code> folder in
|
|||
|
|
your project.</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p>Continue to <a class="reference internal" href="views.html"><span class="doc">Blueprints and Views</span></a>.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</section>
|
|||
|
|
</section>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<div class="clearer"></div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
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</div>
|
|||
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|
<span id="sidebar-top"></span>
|
|||
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<div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="Main">
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<div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
|
|||
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|
|||
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|
|||
|
|
<p class="logo"><a href="../index.html">
|
|||
|
|
<img class="logo" src="../_static/flask-vertical.png" alt="Logo of Flask"/>
|
|||
|
|
</a></p>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<h3>Contents</h3>
|
|||
|
|
<ul>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Define and Access the Database</a><ul>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#connect-to-the-database">Connect to the Database</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#create-the-tables">Create the Tables</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#register-with-the-application">Register with the Application</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#initialize-the-database-file">Initialize the Database File</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
</ul>
|
|||
|
|
</li>
|
|||
|
|
</ul>
|
|||
|
|
<h3>Navigation</h3>
|
|||
|
|
<ul>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="../index.html">Overview</a>
|
|||
|
|
<ul>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="index.html">Tutorial</a>
|
|||
|
|
<ul>
|
|||
|
|
<li>Previous: <a href="factory.html" title="previous chapter">Application Setup</a>
|
|||
|
|
<li>Next: <a href="views.html" title="next chapter">Blueprints and Views</a></ul>
|
|||
|
|
</li>
|
|||
|
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</ul>
|
|||
|
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</li>
|
|||
|
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</ul>
|
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<search id="searchbox" style="display: none" role="search">
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<h3 id="searchlabel">Quick search</h3>
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<div class="searchformwrapper">
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<form class="search" action="../search.html" method="get">
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<script>document.getElementById('searchbox').style.display = "block"</script><div id="ethical-ad-placement"></div>
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© Copyright 2010 Pallets.
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Created using <a href="https://www.sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> 8.1.3.
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