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< title > Message Flashing — Flask Documentation (3.2.x)< / title >
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< section id = "message-flashing" >
< h1 > Message Flashing< a class = "headerlink" href = "#message-flashing" title = "Link to this heading" > ¶< / a > < / h1 >
< p > Good applications and user interfaces are all about feedback. If the user
does not get enough feedback they will probably end up hating the
application. Flask provides a really simple way to give feedback to a
user with the flashing system. The flashing system basically makes it
possible to record a message at the end of a request and access it next
request and only next request. This is usually combined with a layout
template that does this. Note that browsers and sometimes web servers enforce
a limit on cookie sizes. This means that flashing messages that are too
large for session cookies causes message flashing to fail silently.< / p >
< section id = "simple-flashing" >
< h2 > Simple Flashing< a class = "headerlink" href = "#simple-flashing" title = "Link to this heading" > ¶< / a > < / h2 >
< p > So here is a full example:< / p >
< div class = "highlight-default notranslate" > < div class = "highlight" > < pre > < span > < / span > < span class = "kn" > from< / span > < span class = "w" > < / span > < span class = "nn" > flask< / span > < span class = "w" > < / span > < span class = "kn" > import< / span > < span class = "n" > Flask< / span > < span class = "p" > ,< / span > < span class = "n" > flash< / span > < span class = "p" > ,< / span > < span class = "n" > redirect< / span > < span class = "p" > ,< / span > < span class = "n" > render_template< / span > < span class = "p" > ,< / span > \
< span class = "n" > request< / span > < span class = "p" > ,< / span > < span class = "n" > url_for< / span >
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< span class = "n" > app< / span > < span class = "o" > =< / span > < span class = "n" > Flask< / span > < span class = "p" > (< / span > < span class = "vm" > __name__< / span > < span class = "p" > )< / span >
< span class = "n" > app< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "n" > secret_key< / span > < span class = "o" > =< / span > < span class = "sa" > b< / span > < span class = "s1" > ' _5#y2L" F4Q8z< / span > < span class = "se" > \n\xec< / span > < span class = "s1" > ]/' < / span >
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< span class = "nd" > @app< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "n" > route< / span > < span class = "p" > (< / span > < span class = "s1" > ' /' < / span > < span class = "p" > )< / span >
< span class = "k" > def< / span > < span class = "w" > < / span > < span class = "nf" > index< / span > < span class = "p" > ():< / span >
< span class = "k" > return< / span > < span class = "n" > render_template< / span > < span class = "p" > (< / span > < span class = "s1" > ' index.html' < / span > < span class = "p" > )< / span >
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< span class = "nd" > @app< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "n" > route< / span > < span class = "p" > (< / span > < span class = "s1" > ' /login' < / span > < span class = "p" > ,< / span > < span class = "n" > methods< / span > < span class = "o" > =< / span > < span class = "p" > [< / span > < span class = "s1" > ' GET' < / span > < span class = "p" > ,< / span > < span class = "s1" > ' POST' < / span > < span class = "p" > ])< / span >
< span class = "k" > def< / span > < span class = "w" > < / span > < span class = "nf" > login< / span > < span class = "p" > ():< / span >
< span class = "n" > error< / span > < span class = "o" > =< / span > < span class = "kc" > None< / span >
< span class = "k" > if< / span > < span class = "n" > request< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "n" > method< / span > < span class = "o" > ==< / span > < span class = "s1" > ' POST' < / span > < span class = "p" > :< / span >
< span class = "k" > if< / span > < span class = "n" > request< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "n" > form< / span > < span class = "p" > [< / span > < span class = "s1" > ' username' < / span > < span class = "p" > ]< / span > < span class = "o" > !=< / span > < span class = "s1" > ' admin' < / span > < span class = "ow" > or< / span > \
< span class = "n" > request< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "n" > form< / span > < span class = "p" > [< / span > < span class = "s1" > ' password' < / span > < span class = "p" > ]< / span > < span class = "o" > !=< / span > < span class = "s1" > ' secret' < / span > < span class = "p" > :< / span >
< span class = "n" > error< / span > < span class = "o" > =< / span > < span class = "s1" > ' Invalid credentials' < / span >
< span class = "k" > else< / span > < span class = "p" > :< / span >
< span class = "n" > flash< / span > < span class = "p" > (< / span > < span class = "s1" > ' You were successfully logged in' < / span > < span class = "p" > )< / span >
< span class = "k" > return< / span > < span class = "n" > redirect< / span > < span class = "p" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > url_for< / span > < span class = "p" > (< / span > < span class = "s1" > ' index' < / span > < span class = "p" > ))< / span >
< span class = "k" > return< / span > < span class = "n" > render_template< / span > < span class = "p" > (< / span > < span class = "s1" > ' login.html' < / span > < span class = "p" > ,< / span > < span class = "n" > error< / span > < span class = "o" > =< / span > < span class = "n" > error< / span > < span class = "p" > )< / span >
< / pre > < / div >
< / div >
< p > And here is the < code class = "file docutils literal notranslate" > < span class = "pre" > layout.html< / span > < / code > template which does the magic:< / p >
< div class = "highlight-html+jinja notranslate" > < div class = "highlight" > < pre > < span > < / span > < span class = "cp" > < !doctype html> < / span >
< span class = "p" > < < / span > < span class = "nt" > title< / span > < span class = "p" > > < / span > My Application< span class = "p" > < /< / span > < span class = "nt" > title< / span > < span class = "p" > > < / span >
< span class = "cp" > {%< / span > < span class = "k" > with< / span > < span class = "nv" > messages< / span > < span class = "o" > =< / span > < span class = "nv" > get_flashed_messages< / span > < span class = "o" > ()< / span > < span class = "cp" > %}< / span >
< span class = "cp" > {%< / span > < span class = "k" > if< / span > < span class = "nv" > messages< / span > < span class = "cp" > %}< / span >
< span class = "p" > < < / span > < span class = "nt" > ul< / span > < span class = "na" > class< / span > < span class = "o" > =< / span > < span class = "s" > flashes< / span > < span class = "p" > > < / span >
< span class = "cp" > {%< / span > < span class = "k" > for< / span > < span class = "nv" > message< / span > < span class = "k" > in< / span > < span class = "nv" > messages< / span > < span class = "cp" > %}< / span >
< span class = "p" > < < / span > < span class = "nt" > li< / span > < span class = "p" > > < / span > < span class = "cp" > {{< / span > < span class = "nv" > message< / span > < span class = "cp" > }}< / span > < span class = "p" > < /< / span > < span class = "nt" > li< / span > < span class = "p" > > < / span >
< span class = "cp" > {%< / span > < span class = "k" > endfor< / span > < span class = "cp" > %}< / span >
< span class = "p" > < /< / span > < span class = "nt" > ul< / span > < span class = "p" > > < / span >
< span class = "cp" > {%< / span > < span class = "k" > endif< / span > < span class = "cp" > %}< / span >
< span class = "cp" > {%< / span > < span class = "k" > endwith< / span > < span class = "cp" > %}< / span >
< span class = "cp" > {%< / span > < span class = "k" > block< / span > < span class = "nv" > body< / span > < span class = "cp" > %}{%< / span > < span class = "k" > endblock< / span > < span class = "cp" > %}< / span >
< / pre > < / div >
< / div >
< p > Here is the < code class = "file docutils literal notranslate" > < span class = "pre" > index.html< / span > < / code > template which inherits from < code class = "file docutils literal notranslate" > < span class = "pre" > layout.html< / span > < / code > :< / p >
< div class = "highlight-html+jinja notranslate" > < div class = "highlight" > < pre > < span > < / span > < span class = "cp" > {%< / span > < span class = "k" > extends< / span > < span class = "s2" > " layout.html" < / span > < span class = "cp" > %}< / span >
< span class = "cp" > {%< / span > < span class = "k" > block< / span > < span class = "nv" > body< / span > < span class = "cp" > %}< / span >
< span class = "p" > < < / span > < span class = "nt" > h1< / span > < span class = "p" > > < / span > Overview< span class = "p" > < /< / span > < span class = "nt" > h1< / span > < span class = "p" > > < / span >
< span class = "p" > < < / span > < span class = "nt" > p< / span > < span class = "p" > > < / span > Do you want to < span class = "p" > < < / span > < span class = "nt" > a< / span > < span class = "na" > href< / span > < span class = "o" > =< / span > < span class = "s" > " < / span > < span class = "cp" > {{< / span > < span class = "nv" > url_for< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "s1" > ' login' < / span > < span class = "o" > )< / span > < span class = "cp" > }}< / span > < span class = "s" > " < / span > < span class = "p" > > < / span > log in?< span class = "p" > < /< / span > < span class = "nt" > a< / span > < span class = "p" > > < / span >
< span class = "cp" > {%< / span > < span class = "k" > endblock< / span > < span class = "cp" > %}< / span >
< / pre > < / div >
< / div >
< p > And here is the < code class = "file docutils literal notranslate" > < span class = "pre" > login.html< / span > < / code > template which also inherits from
< code class = "file docutils literal notranslate" > < span class = "pre" > layout.html< / span > < / code > :< / p >
< div class = "highlight-html+jinja notranslate" > < div class = "highlight" > < pre > < span > < / span > < span class = "cp" > {%< / span > < span class = "k" > extends< / span > < span class = "s2" > " layout.html" < / span > < span class = "cp" > %}< / span >
< span class = "cp" > {%< / span > < span class = "k" > block< / span > < span class = "nv" > body< / span > < span class = "cp" > %}< / span >
< span class = "p" > < < / span > < span class = "nt" > h1< / span > < span class = "p" > > < / span > Login< span class = "p" > < /< / span > < span class = "nt" > h1< / span > < span class = "p" > > < / span >
< span class = "cp" > {%< / span > < span class = "k" > if< / span > < span class = "nv" > error< / span > < span class = "cp" > %}< / span >
< span class = "p" > < < / span > < span class = "nt" > p< / span > < span class = "na" > class< / span > < span class = "o" > =< / span > < span class = "s" > error< / span > < span class = "p" > > < < / span > < span class = "nt" > strong< / span > < span class = "p" > > < / span > Error:< span class = "p" > < /< / span > < span class = "nt" > strong< / span > < span class = "p" > > < / span > < span class = "cp" > {{< / span > < span class = "nv" > error< / span > < span class = "cp" > }}< / span >
< span class = "cp" > {%< / span > < span class = "k" > endif< / span > < span class = "cp" > %}< / span >
< span class = "p" > < < / span > < span class = "nt" > form< / span > < span class = "na" > method< / span > < span class = "o" > =< / span > < span class = "s" > post< / span > < span class = "p" > > < / span >
< span class = "p" > < < / span > < span class = "nt" > dl< / span > < span class = "p" > > < / span >
< span class = "p" > < < / span > < span class = "nt" > dt< / span > < span class = "p" > > < / span > Username:
< span class = "p" > < < / span > < span class = "nt" > dd< / span > < span class = "p" > > < < / span > < span class = "nt" > input< / span > < span class = "na" > type< / span > < span class = "o" > =< / span > < span class = "s" > text< / span > < span class = "na" > name< / span > < span class = "o" > =< / span > < span class = "s" > username< / span > < span class = "na" > value< / span > < span class = "o" > =< / span > < span class = "s" > " < / span > < span class = "cp" > {{< / span >
< span class = "nv" > request.form.username< / span > < span class = "cp" > }}< / span > < span class = "s" > " < / span > < span class = "p" > > < / span >
< span class = "p" > < < / span > < span class = "nt" > dt< / span > < span class = "p" > > < / span > Password:
< span class = "p" > < < / span > < span class = "nt" > dd< / span > < span class = "p" > > < < / span > < span class = "nt" > input< / span > < span class = "na" > type< / span > < span class = "o" > =< / span > < span class = "s" > password< / span > < span class = "na" > name< / span > < span class = "o" > =< / span > < span class = "s" > password< / span > < span class = "p" > > < / span >
< span class = "p" > < /< / span > < span class = "nt" > dl< / span > < span class = "p" > > < / span >
< span class = "p" > < < / span > < span class = "nt" > p< / span > < span class = "p" > > < < / span > < span class = "nt" > input< / span > < span class = "na" > type< / span > < span class = "o" > =< / span > < span class = "s" > submit< / span > < span class = "na" > value< / span > < span class = "o" > =< / span > < span class = "s" > Login< / span > < span class = "p" > > < / span >
< span class = "p" > < /< / span > < span class = "nt" > form< / span > < span class = "p" > > < / span >
< span class = "cp" > {%< / span > < span class = "k" > endblock< / span > < span class = "cp" > %}< / span >
< / pre > < / div >
< / div >
< / section >
< section id = "flashing-with-categories" >
< h2 > Flashing With Categories< a class = "headerlink" href = "#flashing-with-categories" title = "Link to this heading" > ¶< / a > < / h2 >
< details class = "changelog" >
< summary > Changelog< / summary > < div class = "versionadded" >
< p > < span class = "versionmodified added" > Added in version 0.3.< / span > < / p >
< / div >
< / details > < p > It is also possible to provide categories when flashing a message. The
default category if nothing is provided is < code class = "docutils literal notranslate" > < span class = "pre" > 'message'< / span > < / code > . Alternative
categories can be used to give the user better feedback. For example
error messages could be displayed with a red background.< / p >
< p > To flash a message with a different category, just use the second argument
to the < a class = "reference internal" href = "../api.html#flask.flash" title = "flask.flash" > < code class = "xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate" > < span class = "pre" > flash()< / span > < / code > < / a > function:< / p >
< div class = "highlight-default notranslate" > < div class = "highlight" > < pre > < span > < / span > < span class = "n" > flash< / span > < span class = "p" > (< / span > < span class = "s1" > ' Invalid password provided' < / span > < span class = "p" > ,< / span > < span class = "s1" > ' error' < / span > < span class = "p" > )< / span >
< / pre > < / div >
< / div >
< p > Inside the template you then have to tell the
< a class = "reference internal" href = "../api.html#flask.get_flashed_messages" title = "flask.get_flashed_messages" > < code class = "xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate" > < span class = "pre" > get_flashed_messages()< / span > < / code > < / a > function to also return the
categories. The loop looks slightly different in that situation then:< / p >
< div class = "highlight-html+jinja notranslate" > < div class = "highlight" > < pre > < span > < / span > < span class = "cp" > {%< / span > < span class = "k" > with< / span > < span class = "nv" > messages< / span > < span class = "o" > =< / span > < span class = "nv" > get_flashed_messages< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "nv" > with_categories< / span > < span class = "o" > =< / span > < span class = "kp" > true< / span > < span class = "o" > )< / span > < span class = "cp" > %}< / span >
< span class = "cp" > {%< / span > < span class = "k" > if< / span > < span class = "nv" > messages< / span > < span class = "cp" > %}< / span >
< span class = "p" > < < / span > < span class = "nt" > ul< / span > < span class = "na" > class< / span > < span class = "o" > =< / span > < span class = "s" > flashes< / span > < span class = "p" > > < / span >
< span class = "cp" > {%< / span > < span class = "k" > for< / span > < span class = "nv" > category< / span > < span class = "o" > ,< / span > < span class = "nv" > message< / span > < span class = "k" > in< / span > < span class = "nv" > messages< / span > < span class = "cp" > %}< / span >
< span class = "p" > < < / span > < span class = "nt" > li< / span > < span class = "na" > class< / span > < span class = "o" > =< / span > < span class = "s" > " < / span > < span class = "cp" > {{< / span > < span class = "nv" > category< / span > < span class = "cp" > }}< / span > < span class = "s" > " < / span > < span class = "p" > > < / span > < span class = "cp" > {{< / span > < span class = "nv" > message< / span > < span class = "cp" > }}< / span > < span class = "p" > < /< / span > < span class = "nt" > li< / span > < span class = "p" > > < / span >
< span class = "cp" > {%< / span > < span class = "k" > endfor< / span > < span class = "cp" > %}< / span >
< span class = "p" > < /< / span > < span class = "nt" > ul< / span > < span class = "p" > > < / span >
< span class = "cp" > {%< / span > < span class = "k" > endif< / span > < span class = "cp" > %}< / span >
< span class = "cp" > {%< / span > < span class = "k" > endwith< / span > < span class = "cp" > %}< / span >
< / pre > < / div >
< / div >
< p > This is just one example of how to render these flashed messages. One
might also use the category to add a prefix such as
< code class = "docutils literal notranslate" > < span class = "pre" > < strong> Error:< /strong> < / span > < / code > to the message.< / p >
< / section >
< section id = "filtering-flash-messages" >
< h2 > Filtering Flash Messages< a class = "headerlink" href = "#filtering-flash-messages" title = "Link to this heading" > ¶< / a > < / h2 >
< details class = "changelog" >
< summary > Changelog< / summary > < div class = "versionadded" >
< p > < span class = "versionmodified added" > Added in version 0.9.< / span > < / p >
< / div >
< / details > < p > Optionally you can pass a list of categories which filters the results of
< a class = "reference internal" href = "../api.html#flask.get_flashed_messages" title = "flask.get_flashed_messages" > < code class = "xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate" > < span class = "pre" > get_flashed_messages()< / span > < / code > < / a > . This is useful if you wish to
render each category in a separate block.< / p >
< div class = "highlight-html+jinja notranslate" > < div class = "highlight" > < pre > < span > < / span > < span class = "cp" > {%< / span > < span class = "k" > with< / span > < span class = "nv" > errors< / span > < span class = "o" > =< / span > < span class = "nv" > get_flashed_messages< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > < span class = "nv" > category_filter< / span > < span class = "o" > =[< / span > < span class = "s2" > " error" < / span > < span class = "o" > ])< / span > < span class = "cp" > %}< / span >
< span class = "cp" > {%< / span > < span class = "k" > if< / span > < span class = "nv" > errors< / span > < span class = "cp" > %}< / span >
< span class = "p" > < < / span > < span class = "nt" > div< / span > < span class = "na" > class< / span > < span class = "o" > =< / span > < span class = "s" > " alert-message block-message error" < / span > < span class = "p" > > < / span >
< span class = "p" > < < / span > < span class = "nt" > a< / span > < span class = "na" > class< / span > < span class = "o" > =< / span > < span class = "s" > " close" < / span > < span class = "na" > href< / span > < span class = "o" > =< / span > < span class = "s" > " #" < / span > < span class = "p" > > < / span > × < span class = "p" > < /< / span > < span class = "nt" > a< / span > < span class = "p" > > < / span >
< span class = "p" > < < / span > < span class = "nt" > ul< / span > < span class = "p" > > < / span >
< span class = "cp" > {%< / span > - < span class = "k" > for< / span > < span class = "nv" > msg< / span > < span class = "k" > in< / span > < span class = "nv" > errors< / span > < span class = "cp" > %}< / span >
< span class = "p" > < < / span > < span class = "nt" > li< / span > < span class = "p" > > < / span > < span class = "cp" > {{< / span > < span class = "nv" > msg< / span > < span class = "cp" > }}< / span > < span class = "p" > < /< / span > < span class = "nt" > li< / span > < span class = "p" > > < / span >
< span class = "cp" > {%< / span > < span class = "k" > endfor< / span > -< span class = "cp" > %}< / span >
< span class = "p" > < /< / span > < span class = "nt" > ul< / span > < span class = "p" > > < / span >
< span class = "p" > < /< / span > < span class = "nt" > div< / span > < span class = "p" > > < / span >
< span class = "cp" > {%< / span > < span class = "k" > endif< / span > < span class = "cp" > %}< / span >
< span class = "cp" > {%< / span > < span class = "k" > endwith< / span > < span class = "cp" > %}< / span >
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< / pre > < / div >
< / div >
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< / section >
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< / section >
< div class = "clearer" > < / div >
< / div >
< / div >
< / div >
< span id = "sidebar-top" > < / span >
< div class = "sphinxsidebar" role = "navigation" aria-label = "Main" >
< div class = "sphinxsidebarwrapper" >
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< p class = "logo" > < a href = "../index.html" >
< img class = "logo" src = "../_static/flask-vertical.png" alt = "Logo of Flask" / >
< / a > < / p >
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< h3 > Contents< / h3 >
< ul >
< li > < a class = "reference internal" href = "#" > Message Flashing< / a > < ul >
< li > < a class = "reference internal" href = "#simple-flashing" > Simple Flashing< / a > < / li >
< li > < a class = "reference internal" href = "#flashing-with-categories" > Flashing With Categories< / a > < / li >
< li > < a class = "reference internal" href = "#filtering-flash-messages" > Filtering Flash Messages< / a > < / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< / ul >
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< h3 > Navigation< / h3 >
< ul >
< li > < a href = "../index.html" > Overview< / a >
< ul >
< li > < a href = "index.html" > Patterns for Flask< / a >
< ul >
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< li > Previous: < a href = "templateinheritance.html" title = "previous chapter" > Template Inheritance< / a >
< li > Next: < a href = "javascript.html" title = "next chapter" > JavaScript, < code class = "docutils literal notranslate" > < span class = "pre" > fetch< / span > < / code > , and JSON< / a > < / ul >
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< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< / ul >
< search id = "searchbox" style = "display: none" role = "search" >
< h3 id = "searchlabel" > Quick search< / h3 >
< div class = "searchformwrapper" >
< form class = "search" action = "../search.html" method = "get" >
< input type = "text" name = "q" aria-labelledby = "searchlabel" autocomplete = "off" autocorrect = "off" autocapitalize = "off" spellcheck = "false" / >
< input type = "submit" value = "Go" / >
< / form >
< / div >
< / search >
< script > document . getElementById ( 'searchbox' ) . style . display = "block" < / script > < div id = "ethical-ad-placement" > < / div >
< / div >
< / div >
< div class = "clearer" > < / div >
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< div class = "footer" role = "contentinfo" >
© Copyright 2010 Pallets.
Created using < a href = "https://www.sphinx-doc.org/" > Sphinx< / a > 8.1.3.
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< / html >
