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< section id = "view-decorators" >
< h1 > View Decorators< a class = "headerlink" href = "#view-decorators" title = "Link to this heading" > ¶< / a > < / h1 >
< p > Python has a really interesting feature called function decorators. This
allows some really neat things for web applications. Because each view in
Flask is a function, decorators can be used to inject additional
functionality to one or more functions. The < a class = "reference internal" href = "../api.html#flask.Flask.route" title = "flask.Flask.route" > < code class = "xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate" > < span class = "pre" > route()< / span > < / code > < / a >
decorator is the one you probably used already. But there are use cases
for implementing your own decorator. For instance, imagine you have a
view that should only be used by people that are logged in. If a user
goes to the site and is not logged in, they should be redirected to the
login page. This is a good example of a use case where a decorator is an
excellent solution.< / p >
< section id = "login-required-decorator" >
< h2 > Login Required Decorator< a class = "headerlink" href = "#login-required-decorator" title = "Link to this heading" > ¶< / a > < / h2 >
< p > So let’
wraps and replaces another function. Since the original function is
replaced, you need to remember to copy the original function’
to the new function. Use < a class = "reference external" href = "https://docs.python.org/3/library/functools.html#functools.wraps" title = "(in Python v3.13)" > < code class = "xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate" > < span class = "pre" > functools.wraps()< / span > < / code > < / a > to handle this for you.< / p >
< p > This example assumes that the login page is called < code class = "docutils literal notranslate" > < span class = "pre" > 'login'< / span > < / code > and that
the current user is stored in < code class = "docutils literal notranslate" > < span class = "pre" > g.user< / span > < / code > and is < code class = "docutils literal notranslate" > < span class = "pre" > None< / span > < / code > if there is no-one
logged in.< / p >
< div class = "highlight-default notranslate" > < div class = "highlight" > < pre > < span > < / span > < span class = "kn" > from< / span > < span class = "w" > < / span > < span class = "nn" > functools< / span > < span class = "w" > < / span > < span class = "kn" > import< / span > < span class = "n" > wraps< / span >
< span class = "kn" > from< / span > < span class = "w" > < / span > < span class = "nn" > flask< / span > < span class = "w" > < / span > < span class = "kn" > import< / span > < span class = "n" > g< / span > < span class = "p" > ,< / span > < span class = "n" > request< / span > < span class = "p" > ,< / span > < span class = "n" > redirect< / span > < span class = "p" > ,< / span > < span class = "n" > url_for< / span >
< span class = "k" > def< / span > < span class = "w" > < / span > < span class = "nf" > login_required< / span > < span class = "p" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > f< / span > < span class = "p" > ):< / span >
< span class = "nd" > @wraps< / span > < span class = "p" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > f< / span > < span class = "p" > )< / span >
< span class = "k" > def< / span > < span class = "w" > < / span > < span class = "nf" > decorated_function< / span > < span class = "p" > (< / span > < span class = "o" > *< / span > < span class = "n" > args< / span > < span class = "p" > ,< / span > < span class = "o" > **< / span > < span class = "n" > kwargs< / span > < span class = "p" > ):< / span >
< span class = "k" > if< / span > < span class = "n" > g< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "n" > user< / span > < span class = "ow" > is< / span > < span class = "kc" > None< / span > < span class = "p" > :< / span >
< span class = "k" > return< / span > < span class = "n" > redirect< / span > < span class = "p" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > url_for< / span > < span class = "p" > (< / span > < span class = "s1" > ' login' < / span > < span class = "p" > ,< / span > < span class = "nb" > next< / span > < span class = "o" > =< / span > < span class = "n" > request< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "n" > url< / span > < span class = "p" > ))< / span >
< span class = "k" > return< / span > < span class = "n" > f< / span > < span class = "p" > (< / span > < span class = "o" > *< / span > < span class = "n" > args< / span > < span class = "p" > ,< / span > < span class = "o" > **< / span > < span class = "n" > kwargs< / span > < span class = "p" > )< / span >
< span class = "k" > return< / span > < span class = "n" > decorated_function< / span >
< / pre > < / div >
< / div >
< p > To use the decorator, apply it as innermost decorator to a view function.
When applying further decorators, always remember
that the < a class = "reference internal" href = "../api.html#flask.Flask.route" title = "flask.Flask.route" > < code class = "xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate" > < span class = "pre" > route()< / span > < / code > < / a > decorator is the outermost.< / p >
< div class = "highlight-default notranslate" > < div class = "highlight" > < pre > < span > < / span > < span class = "nd" > @app< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "n" > route< / span > < span class = "p" > (< / span > < span class = "s1" > ' /secret_page' < / span > < span class = "p" > )< / span >
< span class = "nd" > @login_required< / span >
< span class = "k" > def< / span > < span class = "w" > < / span > < span class = "nf" > secret_page< / span > < span class = "p" > ():< / span >
< span class = "k" > pass< / span >
< / pre > < / div >
< / div >
< div class = "admonition note" >
< p class = "admonition-title" > Note< / p >
< p > The < code class = "docutils literal notranslate" > < span class = "pre" > next< / span > < / code > value will exist in < code class = "docutils literal notranslate" > < span class = "pre" > request.args< / span > < / code > after a < code class = "docutils literal notranslate" > < span class = "pre" > GET< / span > < / code > request for
the login page. You’ < code class = "docutils literal notranslate" > < span class = "pre" > POST< / span > < / code > request
from the login form. You can do this with a hidden input tag, then retrieve it
from < code class = "docutils literal notranslate" > < span class = "pre" > request.form< / span > < / code > when logging the user in.< / p >
< div class = "highlight-default notranslate" > < div class = "highlight" > < pre > < span > < / span > < span class = "o" > < < / span > < span class = "nb" > input< / span > < span class = "nb" > type< / span > < span class = "o" > =< / span > < span class = "s2" > " hidden" < / span > < span class = "n" > value< / span > < span class = "o" > =< / span > < span class = "s2" > " {{ request.args.get(' next' , ' ' ) }}" < / span > < span class = "o" > /> < / span >
< / pre > < / div >
< / div >
< / div >
< / section >
< section id = "caching-decorator" >
< h2 > Caching Decorator< a class = "headerlink" href = "#caching-decorator" title = "Link to this heading" > ¶< / a > < / h2 >
< p > Imagine you have a view function that does an expensive calculation and
because of that you would like to cache the generated results for a
certain amount of time. A decorator would be nice for that. We’
assuming you have set up a cache like mentioned in < a class = "reference internal" href = "caching.html" > < span class = "doc" > Caching< / span > < / a > .< / p >
< p > Here is an example cache function. It generates the cache key from a
specific prefix (actually a format string) and the current path of the
request. Notice that we are using a function that first creates the
decorator that then decorates the function. Sounds awful? Unfortunately
it is a little bit more complex, but the code should still be
straightforward to read.< / p >
< p > The decorated function will then work as follows< / p >
< ol class = "arabic simple" >
< li > < p > get the unique cache key for the current request based on the current
path.< / p > < / li >
< li > < p > get the value for that key from the cache. If the cache returned
something we will return that value.< / p > < / li >
< li > < p > otherwise the original function is called and the return value is
stored in the cache for the timeout provided (by default 5 minutes).< / p > < / li >
< / ol >
< p > Here the code:< / p >
< div class = "highlight-default notranslate" > < div class = "highlight" > < pre > < span > < / span > < span class = "kn" > from< / span > < span class = "w" > < / span > < span class = "nn" > functools< / span > < span class = "w" > < / span > < span class = "kn" > import< / span > < span class = "n" > wraps< / span >
< span class = "kn" > from< / span > < span class = "w" > < / span > < span class = "nn" > flask< / span > < span class = "w" > < / span > < span class = "kn" > import< / span > < span class = "n" > request< / span >
< span class = "k" > def< / span > < span class = "w" > < / span > < span class = "nf" > cached< / span > < span class = "p" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > timeout< / span > < span class = "o" > =< / span > < span class = "mi" > 5< / span > < span class = "o" > *< / span > < span class = "mi" > 60< / span > < span class = "p" > ,< / span > < span class = "n" > key< / span > < span class = "o" > =< / span > < span class = "s1" > ' view/< / span > < span class = "si" > {}< / span > < span class = "s1" > ' < / span > < span class = "p" > ):< / span >
< span class = "k" > def< / span > < span class = "w" > < / span > < span class = "nf" > decorator< / span > < span class = "p" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > f< / span > < span class = "p" > ):< / span >
< span class = "nd" > @wraps< / span > < span class = "p" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > f< / span > < span class = "p" > )< / span >
< span class = "k" > def< / span > < span class = "w" > < / span > < span class = "nf" > decorated_function< / span > < span class = "p" > (< / span > < span class = "o" > *< / span > < span class = "n" > args< / span > < span class = "p" > ,< / span > < span class = "o" > **< / span > < span class = "n" > kwargs< / span > < span class = "p" > ):< / span >
< span class = "n" > cache_key< / span > < span class = "o" > =< / span > < span class = "n" > key< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "n" > format< / span > < span class = "p" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > request< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "n" > path< / span > < span class = "p" > )< / span >
< span class = "n" > rv< / span > < span class = "o" > =< / span > < span class = "n" > cache< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "n" > get< / span > < span class = "p" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > cache_key< / span > < span class = "p" > )< / span >
< span class = "k" > if< / span > < span class = "n" > rv< / span > < span class = "ow" > is< / span > < span class = "ow" > not< / span > < span class = "kc" > None< / span > < span class = "p" > :< / span >
< span class = "k" > return< / span > < span class = "n" > rv< / span >
< span class = "n" > rv< / span > < span class = "o" > =< / span > < span class = "n" > f< / span > < span class = "p" > (< / span > < span class = "o" > *< / span > < span class = "n" > args< / span > < span class = "p" > ,< / span > < span class = "o" > **< / span > < span class = "n" > kwargs< / span > < span class = "p" > )< / span >
< span class = "n" > cache< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "n" > set< / span > < span class = "p" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > cache_key< / span > < span class = "p" > ,< / span > < span class = "n" > rv< / span > < span class = "p" > ,< / span > < span class = "n" > timeout< / span > < span class = "o" > =< / span > < span class = "n" > timeout< / span > < span class = "p" > )< / span >
< span class = "k" > return< / span > < span class = "n" > rv< / span >
< span class = "k" > return< / span > < span class = "n" > decorated_function< / span >
< span class = "k" > return< / span > < span class = "n" > decorator< / span >
< / pre > < / div >
< / div >
< p > Notice that this assumes an instantiated < code class = "docutils literal notranslate" > < span class = "pre" > cache< / span > < / code > object is available, see
< a class = "reference internal" href = "caching.html" > < span class = "doc" > Caching< / span > < / a > .< / p >
< / section >
< section id = "templating-decorator" >
< h2 > Templating Decorator< a class = "headerlink" href = "#templating-decorator" title = "Link to this heading" > ¶< / a > < / h2 >
< p > A common pattern invented by the TurboGears guys a while back is a
templating decorator. The idea of that decorator is that you return a
dictionary with the values passed to the template from the view function
and the template is automatically rendered. With that, the following
three examples do exactly the same:< / p >
< div class = "highlight-default notranslate" > < div class = "highlight" > < pre > < span > < / span > < span class = "nd" > @app< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "n" > route< / span > < span class = "p" > (< / span > < span class = "s1" > ' /' < / span > < span class = "p" > )< / span >
< span class = "k" > def< / span > < span class = "w" > < / span > < span class = "nf" > index< / span > < span class = "p" > ():< / span >
< span class = "k" > return< / span > < span class = "n" > render_template< / span > < span class = "p" > (< / span > < span class = "s1" > ' index.html' < / span > < span class = "p" > ,< / span > < span class = "n" > value< / span > < span class = "o" > =< / span > < span class = "mi" > 42< / span > < span class = "p" > )< / span >
< span class = "nd" > @app< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "n" > route< / span > < span class = "p" > (< / span > < span class = "s1" > ' /' < / span > < span class = "p" > )< / span >
< span class = "nd" > @templated< / span > < span class = "p" > (< / span > < span class = "s1" > ' index.html' < / span > < span class = "p" > )< / span >
< span class = "k" > def< / span > < span class = "w" > < / span > < span class = "nf" > index< / span > < span class = "p" > ():< / span >
< span class = "k" > return< / span > < span class = "nb" > dict< / span > < span class = "p" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > value< / span > < span class = "o" > =< / span > < span class = "mi" > 42< / span > < span class = "p" > )< / span >
< span class = "nd" > @app< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "n" > route< / span > < span class = "p" > (< / span > < span class = "s1" > ' /' < / span > < span class = "p" > )< / span >
< span class = "nd" > @templated< / span > < span class = "p" > ()< / span >
< span class = "k" > def< / span > < span class = "w" > < / span > < span class = "nf" > index< / span > < span class = "p" > ():< / span >
< span class = "k" > return< / span > < span class = "nb" > dict< / span > < span class = "p" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > value< / span > < span class = "o" > =< / span > < span class = "mi" > 42< / span > < span class = "p" > )< / span >
< / pre > < / div >
< / div >
< p > As you can see, if no template name is provided it will use the endpoint
of the URL map with dots converted to slashes + < code class = "docutils literal notranslate" > < span class = "pre" > '.html'< / span > < / code > . Otherwise
the provided template name is used. When the decorated function returns,
the dictionary returned is passed to the template rendering function. If
< code class = "docutils literal notranslate" > < span class = "pre" > None< / span > < / code > is returned, an empty dictionary is assumed, if something else than
a dictionary is returned we return it from the function unchanged. That
way you can still use the redirect function or return simple strings.< / p >
< p > Here is the code for that decorator:< / p >
< div class = "highlight-default notranslate" > < div class = "highlight" > < pre > < span > < / span > < span class = "kn" > from< / span > < span class = "w" > < / span > < span class = "nn" > functools< / span > < span class = "w" > < / span > < span class = "kn" > import< / span > < span class = "n" > wraps< / span >
< span class = "kn" > from< / span > < span class = "w" > < / span > < span class = "nn" > flask< / span > < span class = "w" > < / span > < span class = "kn" > import< / span > < span class = "n" > request< / span > < span class = "p" > ,< / span > < span class = "n" > render_template< / span >
< span class = "k" > def< / span > < span class = "w" > < / span > < span class = "nf" > templated< / span > < span class = "p" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > template< / span > < span class = "o" > =< / span > < span class = "kc" > None< / span > < span class = "p" > ):< / span >
< span class = "k" > def< / span > < span class = "w" > < / span > < span class = "nf" > decorator< / span > < span class = "p" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > f< / span > < span class = "p" > ):< / span >
< span class = "nd" > @wraps< / span > < span class = "p" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > f< / span > < span class = "p" > )< / span >
< span class = "k" > def< / span > < span class = "w" > < / span > < span class = "nf" > decorated_function< / span > < span class = "p" > (< / span > < span class = "o" > *< / span > < span class = "n" > args< / span > < span class = "p" > ,< / span > < span class = "o" > **< / span > < span class = "n" > kwargs< / span > < span class = "p" > ):< / span >
< span class = "n" > template_name< / span > < span class = "o" > =< / span > < span class = "n" > template< / span >
< span class = "k" > if< / span > < span class = "n" > template_name< / span > < span class = "ow" > is< / span > < span class = "kc" > None< / span > < span class = "p" > :< / span >
< span class = "n" > template_name< / span > < span class = "o" > =< / span > < span class = "sa" > f< / span > < span class = "s2" > " < / span > < span class = "si" > {< / span > < span class = "n" > request< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "n" > endpoint< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "n" > replace< / span > < span class = "p" > (< / span > < span class = "s1" > ' .' < / span > < span class = "p" > ,< / span > < span class = "w" > < / span > < span class = "s1" > ' /' < / span > < span class = "p" > )< / span > < span class = "si" > }< / span > < span class = "s2" > .html" < / span >
< span class = "n" > ctx< / span > < span class = "o" > =< / span > < span class = "n" > f< / span > < span class = "p" > (< / span > < span class = "o" > *< / span > < span class = "n" > args< / span > < span class = "p" > ,< / span > < span class = "o" > **< / span > < span class = "n" > kwargs< / span > < span class = "p" > )< / span >
< span class = "k" > if< / span > < span class = "n" > ctx< / span > < span class = "ow" > is< / span > < span class = "kc" > None< / span > < span class = "p" > :< / span >
< span class = "n" > ctx< / span > < span class = "o" > =< / span > < span class = "p" > {}< / span >
< span class = "k" > elif< / span > < span class = "ow" > not< / span > < span class = "nb" > isinstance< / span > < span class = "p" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > ctx< / span > < span class = "p" > ,< / span > < span class = "nb" > dict< / span > < span class = "p" > ):< / span >
< span class = "k" > return< / span > < span class = "n" > ctx< / span >
< span class = "k" > return< / span > < span class = "n" > render_template< / span > < span class = "p" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > template_name< / span > < span class = "p" > ,< / span > < span class = "o" > **< / span > < span class = "n" > ctx< / span > < span class = "p" > )< / span >
< span class = "k" > return< / span > < span class = "n" > decorated_function< / span >
< span class = "k" > return< / span > < span class = "n" > decorator< / span >
< / pre > < / div >
< / div >
< / section >
< section id = "endpoint-decorator" >
< h2 > Endpoint Decorator< a class = "headerlink" href = "#endpoint-decorator" title = "Link to this heading" > ¶< / a > < / h2 >
< p > When you want to use the werkzeug routing system for more flexibility you
need to map the endpoint as defined in the < a class = "reference external" href = "https://werkzeug.palletsprojects.com/en/stable/routing/#werkzeug.routing.Rule" title = "(in Werkzeug v3.1.x)" > < code class = "xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate" > < span class = "pre" > Rule< / span > < / code > < / a >
to a view function. This is possible with this decorator. For example:< / p >
< div class = "highlight-default notranslate" > < div class = "highlight" > < pre > < span > < / span > < span class = "kn" > from< / span > < span class = "w" > < / span > < span class = "nn" > flask< / span > < span class = "w" > < / span > < span class = "kn" > import< / span > < span class = "n" > Flask< / span >
< span class = "kn" > from< / span > < span class = "w" > < / span > < span class = "nn" > werkzeug.routing< / span > < span class = "w" > < / span > < span class = "kn" > import< / span > < span class = "n" > Rule< / span >
< span class = "n" > app< / span > < span class = "o" > =< / span > < span class = "n" > Flask< / span > < span class = "p" > (< / span > < span class = "vm" > __name__< / span > < span class = "p" > )< / span >
< span class = "n" > app< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "n" > url_map< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "n" > add< / span > < span class = "p" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > Rule< / span > < span class = "p" > (< / span > < span class = "s1" > ' /' < / span > < span class = "p" > ,< / span > < span class = "n" > endpoint< / span > < span class = "o" > =< / span > < span class = "s1" > ' index' < / span > < span class = "p" > ))< / span >
< span class = "nd" > @app< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "n" > endpoint< / span > < span class = "p" > (< / span > < span class = "s1" > ' index' < / span > < span class = "p" > )< / span >
< span class = "k" > def< / span > < span class = "w" > < / span > < span class = "nf" > my_index< / span > < span class = "p" > ():< / span >
< span class = "k" > return< / span > < span class = "s2" > " Hello world" < / span >
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< h3 > Contents< / h3 >
< ul >
< li > < a class = "reference internal" href = "#" > View Decorators< / a > < ul >
< li > < a class = "reference internal" href = "#login-required-decorator" > Login Required Decorator< / a > < / li >
< li > < a class = "reference internal" href = "#caching-decorator" > Caching Decorator< / a > < / li >
< li > < a class = "reference internal" href = "#templating-decorator" > Templating Decorator< / a > < / li >
< li > < a class = "reference internal" href = "#endpoint-decorator" > Endpoint Decorator< / a > < / li >
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< li > < a href = "index.html" > Patterns for Flask< / a >
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< li > Previous: < a href = "caching.html" title = "previous chapter" > Caching< / a >
< li > Next: < a href = "wtforms.html" title = "next chapter" > Form Validation with WTForms< / a > < / ul >
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