[pre-commit.ci lite] apply automatic fixes
This commit is contained in:
pre-commit-ci-lite[bot]
GitHub
parent
b3ae3117f9
commit
3d83d8138c
102 changed files with 26790 additions and 26749 deletions
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@ -1,914 +1,84 @@
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/*
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* Sphinx stylesheet -- basic theme.
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*/
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/* -- main layout ----------------------------------------------------------- */
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}
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}
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div.related ul {
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padding: 0 0 0 10px;
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div.related li {
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div.sphinxsidebar ul {
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div.sphinxsidebar ul ul,
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box-sizing: border-box;
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}
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img {
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border: 0;
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max-width: 100%;
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}
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/* -- search page ----------------------------------------------------------- */
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ul.search {
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margin-top: 10px;
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}
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ul.search li {
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padding: 5px 0;
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}
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ul.search li a {
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font-weight: bold;
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}
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ul.search li p.context {
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color: #888;
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margin: 2px 0 0 30px;
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text-align: left;
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}
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ul.keywordmatches li.goodmatch a {
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font-weight: bold;
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}
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/* -- index page ------------------------------------------------------------ */
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table.contentstable {
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width: 90%;
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margin-left: auto;
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margin-right: auto;
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}
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table.contentstable p.biglink {
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line-height: 150%;
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}
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a.biglink {
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font-size: 1.3em;
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}
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span.linkdescr {
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font-style: italic;
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padding-top: 5px;
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font-size: 90%;
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}
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/* -- general index --------------------------------------------------------- */
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table.indextable {
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width: 100%;
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}
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table.indextable td {
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text-align: left;
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vertical-align: top;
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}
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table.indextable ul {
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margin-top: 0;
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margin-bottom: 0;
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list-style-type: none;
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}
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table.indextable > tbody > tr > td > ul {
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padding-left: 0em;
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}
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table.indextable tr.pcap {
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height: 10px;
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}
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table.indextable tr.cap {
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margin-top: 10px;
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background-color: #f2f2f2;
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}
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img.toggler {
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margin-right: 3px;
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margin-top: 3px;
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cursor: pointer;
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}
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div.modindex-jumpbox {
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border-top: 1px solid #ddd;
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border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd;
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margin: 1em 0 1em 0;
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padding: 0.4em;
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}
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div.genindex-jumpbox {
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border-top: 1px solid #ddd;
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border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd;
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margin: 1em 0 1em 0;
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padding: 0.4em;
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}
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/* -- domain module index --------------------------------------------------- */
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table.modindextable td {
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padding: 2px;
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border-collapse: collapse;
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}
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/* -- general body styles --------------------------------------------------- */
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div.body {
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min-width: 360px;
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max-width: 800px;
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}
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div.body p, div.body dd, div.body li, div.body blockquote {
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-moz-hyphens: auto;
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-ms-hyphens: auto;
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-webkit-hyphens: auto;
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hyphens: auto;
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}
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a.headerlink {
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visibility: hidden;
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}
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a:visited {
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color: #551A8B;
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}
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h1:hover > a.headerlink,
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h2:hover > a.headerlink,
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h3:hover > a.headerlink,
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h4:hover > a.headerlink,
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h5:hover > a.headerlink,
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h6:hover > a.headerlink,
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dt:hover > a.headerlink,
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caption:hover > a.headerlink,
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p.caption:hover > a.headerlink,
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div.code-block-caption:hover > a.headerlink {
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visibility: visible;
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}
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div.body p.caption {
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text-align: inherit;
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}
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div.body td {
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text-align: left;
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}
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.first {
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margin-top: 0 !important;
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}
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p.rubric {
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margin-top: 30px;
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font-weight: bold;
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}
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img.align-left, figure.align-left, .figure.align-left, object.align-left {
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clear: left;
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float: left;
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margin-right: 1em;
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}
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img.align-right, figure.align-right, .figure.align-right, object.align-right {
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clear: right;
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float: right;
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margin-left: 1em;
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}
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img.align-center, figure.align-center, .figure.align-center, object.align-center {
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display: block;
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margin-left: auto;
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margin-right: auto;
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}
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img.align-default, figure.align-default, .figure.align-default {
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display: block;
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margin-left: auto;
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margin-right: auto;
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}
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.align-left {
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text-align: left;
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}
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.align-center {
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text-align: center;
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}
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.align-default {
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text-align: center;
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}
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.align-right {
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text-align: right;
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}
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/* -- sidebars -------------------------------------------------------------- */
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div.sidebar,
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aside.sidebar {
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margin: 0 0 0.5em 1em;
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border: 1px solid #ddb;
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padding: 7px;
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background-color: #ffe;
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width: 40%;
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float: right;
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clear: right;
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overflow-x: auto;
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}
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p.sidebar-title {
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font-weight: bold;
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}
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nav.contents,
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aside.topic,
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div.admonition, div.topic, blockquote {
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clear: left;
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}
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/* -- topics ---------------------------------------------------------------- */
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nav.contents,
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aside.topic,
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div.topic {
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border: 1px solid #ccc;
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padding: 7px;
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margin: 10px 0 10px 0;
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}
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p.topic-title {
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font-size: 1.1em;
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font-weight: bold;
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margin-top: 10px;
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}
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/* -- admonitions ----------------------------------------------------------- */
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div.admonition {
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margin-top: 10px;
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margin-bottom: 10px;
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padding: 7px;
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}
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div.admonition dt {
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font-weight: bold;
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}
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p.admonition-title {
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margin: 0px 10px 5px 0px;
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font-weight: bold;
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}
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div.body p.centered {
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text-align: center;
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margin-top: 25px;
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}
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/* -- content of sidebars/topics/admonitions -------------------------------- */
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div.sidebar > :last-child,
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aside.sidebar > :last-child,
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nav.contents > :last-child,
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aside.topic > :last-child,
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div.topic > :last-child,
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div.admonition > :last-child {
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margin-bottom: 0;
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}
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div.sidebar::after,
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aside.sidebar::after,
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nav.contents::after,
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aside.topic::after,
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div.topic::after,
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div.admonition::after,
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blockquote::after {
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display: block;
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content: '';
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clear: both;
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}
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/* -- tables ---------------------------------------------------------------- */
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table.docutils {
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margin-top: 10px;
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margin-bottom: 10px;
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border: 0;
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border-collapse: collapse;
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}
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table.align-center {
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margin-left: auto;
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margin-right: auto;
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}
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table.align-default {
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margin-left: auto;
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margin-right: auto;
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}
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table caption span.caption-number {
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font-style: italic;
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}
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table caption span.caption-text {
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}
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table.docutils td, table.docutils th {
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padding: 1px 8px 1px 5px;
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border-top: 0;
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border-left: 0;
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border-right: 0;
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border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;
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}
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th {
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text-align: left;
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padding-right: 5px;
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}
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table.citation {
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border-left: solid 1px gray;
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margin-left: 1px;
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}
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table.citation td {
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border-bottom: none;
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}
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th > :first-child,
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td > :first-child {
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margin-top: 0px;
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}
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th > :last-child,
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td > :last-child {
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margin-bottom: 0px;
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}
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/* -- figures --------------------------------------------------------------- */
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div.figure, figure {
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margin: 0.5em;
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padding: 0.5em;
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}
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div.figure p.caption, figcaption {
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padding: 0.3em;
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}
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div.figure p.caption span.caption-number,
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figcaption span.caption-number {
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font-style: italic;
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}
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div.figure p.caption span.caption-text,
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figcaption span.caption-text {
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}
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/* -- field list styles ----------------------------------------------------- */
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table.field-list td, table.field-list th {
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border: 0 !important;
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}
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.field-list ul {
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margin: 0;
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padding-left: 1em;
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}
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.field-list p {
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margin: 0;
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}
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.field-name {
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-moz-hyphens: manual;
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-ms-hyphens: manual;
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-webkit-hyphens: manual;
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hyphens: manual;
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}
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/* -- hlist styles ---------------------------------------------------------- */
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table.hlist {
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margin: 1em 0;
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}
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table.hlist td {
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vertical-align: top;
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}
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/* -- object description styles --------------------------------------------- */
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.sig {
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font-family: 'Consolas', 'Menlo', 'DejaVu Sans Mono', 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', monospace;
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}
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.sig-name, code.descname {
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background-color: transparent;
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font-weight: bold;
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}
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.sig-name {
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font-size: 1.1em;
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}
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code.descname {
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font-size: 1.2em;
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}
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.sig-prename, code.descclassname {
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background-color: transparent;
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}
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.optional {
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font-size: 1.3em;
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}
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.sig-paren {
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font-size: larger;
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}
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.sig-param.n {
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font-style: italic;
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}
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/* C++ specific styling */
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.sig-inline.c-texpr,
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.sig-inline.cpp-texpr {
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font-family: unset;
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}
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.sig.c .k, .sig.c .kt,
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.sig.cpp .k, .sig.cpp .kt {
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color: #0033B3;
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}
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.sig.c .m,
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.sig.cpp .m {
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color: #1750EB;
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}
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.sig.c .s, .sig.c .sc,
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.sig.cpp .s, .sig.cpp .sc {
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color: #067D17;
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}
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/* -- other body styles ----------------------------------------------------- */
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ol.arabic {
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list-style: decimal;
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}
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ol.loweralpha {
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list-style: lower-alpha;
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}
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ol.upperalpha {
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list-style: upper-alpha;
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}
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ol.lowerroman {
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list-style: lower-roman;
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}
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ol.upperroman {
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list-style: upper-roman;
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}
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:not(li) > ol > li:first-child > :first-child,
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:not(li) > ul > li:first-child > :first-child {
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margin-top: 0px;
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}
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:not(li) > ol > li:last-child > :last-child,
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:not(li) > ul > li:last-child > :last-child {
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margin-bottom: 0px;
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}
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ol.simple ol p,
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ol.simple ul p,
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ul.simple ol p,
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ul.simple ul p {
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margin-top: 0;
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}
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ol.simple > li:not(:first-child) > p,
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ul.simple > li:not(:first-child) > p {
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margin-top: 0;
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}
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ol.simple p,
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ul.simple p {
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margin-bottom: 0;
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}
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aside.footnote > span,
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div.citation > span {
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float: left;
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}
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aside.footnote > span:last-of-type,
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div.citation > span:last-of-type {
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padding-right: 0.5em;
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<title>The Application Context — Flask Documentation (3.2.x)</title>
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<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="_static/pygments.css?v=6625fa76" />
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<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="_static/flask.css?v=b87c8d14" />
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|
||||
<link rel="next" title="The Request Context" href="reqcontext.html" />
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<link rel="prev" title="Application Structure and Lifecycle" href="lifecycle.html" />
|
||||
</head><body>
|
||||
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|
||||
<h3>Navigation</h3>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px">
|
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<a href="genindex.html" title="General Index"
|
||||
accesskey="I">index</a></li>
|
||||
<li class="right" >
|
||||
<a href="py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index"
|
||||
>modules</a> |</li>
|
||||
<li class="right" >
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<a href="reqcontext.html" title="The Request Context"
|
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accesskey="N">next</a> |</li>
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<li class="right" >
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<a href="lifecycle.html" title="Application Structure and Lifecycle"
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accesskey="P">previous</a> |</li>
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<li class="nav-item nav-item-0"><a href="index.html">Flask Documentation (3.2.x)</a> »</li>
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<li class="nav-item nav-item-this"><a href="">The Application Context</a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
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</div>
|
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|
||||
<div class="document">
|
||||
<div class="documentwrapper">
|
||||
<div class="bodywrapper">
|
||||
<div class="body" role="main">
|
||||
|
||||
<section id="the-application-context">
|
||||
<h1>The Application Context<a class="headerlink" href="#the-application-context" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h1>
|
||||
<p>The application context keeps track of the application-level data during
|
||||
a request, CLI command, or other activity. Rather than passing the
|
||||
application around to each function, the <a class="reference internal" href="api.html#flask.current_app" title="flask.current_app"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">current_app</span></code></a> and
|
||||
<a class="reference internal" href="api.html#flask.g" title="flask.g"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">g</span></code></a> proxies are accessed instead.</p>
|
||||
<p>This is similar to <a class="reference internal" href="reqcontext.html"><span class="doc">The Request Context</span></a>, which keeps track of
|
||||
request-level data during a request. A corresponding application context
|
||||
is pushed when a request context is pushed.</p>
|
||||
<section id="purpose-of-the-context">
|
||||
<h2>Purpose of the Context<a class="headerlink" href="#purpose-of-the-context" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
|
||||
<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="api.html#flask.Flask" title="flask.Flask"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Flask</span></code></a> application object has attributes, such as
|
||||
<a class="reference internal" href="api.html#flask.Flask.config" title="flask.Flask.config"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">config</span></code></a>, that are useful to access within views and
|
||||
<a class="reference internal" href="cli.html"><span class="doc">CLI commands</span></a>. However, importing the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">app</span></code> instance
|
||||
within the modules in your project is prone to circular import issues.
|
||||
When using the <a class="reference internal" href="patterns/appfactories.html"><span class="doc">app factory pattern</span></a> or
|
||||
writing reusable <a class="reference internal" href="blueprints.html"><span class="doc">blueprints</span></a> or
|
||||
<a class="reference internal" href="extensions.html"><span class="doc">extensions</span></a> there won’t be an <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">app</span></code> instance to
|
||||
import at all.</p>
|
||||
<p>Flask solves this issue with the <em>application context</em>. Rather than
|
||||
referring to an <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">app</span></code> directly, you use the <a class="reference internal" href="api.html#flask.current_app" title="flask.current_app"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">current_app</span></code></a>
|
||||
proxy, which points to the application handling the current activity.</p>
|
||||
<p>Flask automatically <em>pushes</em> an application context when handling a
|
||||
request. View functions, error handlers, and other functions that run
|
||||
during a request will have access to <a class="reference internal" href="api.html#flask.current_app" title="flask.current_app"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">current_app</span></code></a>.</p>
|
||||
<p>Flask will also automatically push an app context when running CLI
|
||||
commands registered with <a class="reference internal" href="api.html#flask.Flask.cli" title="flask.Flask.cli"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Flask.cli</span></code></a> using <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">@app.cli.command()</span></code>.</p>
|
||||
</section>
|
||||
<section id="lifetime-of-the-context">
|
||||
<h2>Lifetime of the Context<a class="headerlink" href="#lifetime-of-the-context" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
|
||||
<p>The application context is created and destroyed as necessary. When a
|
||||
Flask application begins handling a request, it pushes an application
|
||||
context and a <a class="reference internal" href="reqcontext.html"><span class="doc">request context</span></a>. When the request
|
||||
ends it pops the request context then the application context.
|
||||
Typically, an application context will have the same lifetime as a
|
||||
request.</p>
|
||||
<p>See <a class="reference internal" href="reqcontext.html"><span class="doc">The Request Context</span></a> for more information about how the contexts work
|
||||
and the full life cycle of a request.</p>
|
||||
</section>
|
||||
<section id="manually-push-a-context">
|
||||
<h2>Manually Push a Context<a class="headerlink" href="#manually-push-a-context" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
|
||||
<p>If you try to access <a class="reference internal" href="api.html#flask.current_app" title="flask.current_app"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">current_app</span></code></a>, or anything that uses it,
|
||||
outside an application context, you’ll get this error message:</p>
|
||||
<div class="highlight-pytb notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="x">RuntimeError: Working outside of application context.</span>
|
||||
|
||||
<span class="x">This typically means that you attempted to use functionality that</span>
|
||||
<span class="x">needed to interface with the current application object in some way.</span>
|
||||
<span class="x">To solve this, set up an application context with app.app_context().</span>
|
||||
</pre></div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<p>If you see that error while configuring your application, such as when
|
||||
initializing an extension, you can push a context manually since you
|
||||
have direct access to the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">app</span></code>. Use <a class="reference internal" href="api.html#flask.Flask.app_context" title="flask.Flask.app_context"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">app_context()</span></code></a> in a
|
||||
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">with</span></code> block, and everything that runs in the block will have access
|
||||
to <a class="reference internal" href="api.html#flask.current_app" title="flask.current_app"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">current_app</span></code></a>.</p>
|
||||
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">create_app</span><span class="p">():</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">app</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Flask</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="vm">__name__</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||||
|
||||
<span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">app</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">app_context</span><span class="p">():</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">init_db</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||||
|
||||
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">app</span>
|
||||
</pre></div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<p>If you see that error somewhere else in your code not related to
|
||||
configuring the application, it most likely indicates that you should
|
||||
move that code into a view function or CLI command.</p>
|
||||
</section>
|
||||
<section id="storing-data">
|
||||
<h2>Storing Data<a class="headerlink" href="#storing-data" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
|
||||
<p>The application context is a good place to store common data during a
|
||||
request or CLI command. Flask provides the <a class="reference internal" href="api.html#flask.g" title="flask.g"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">g</span> <span class="pre">object</span></code></a> for this
|
||||
purpose. It is a simple namespace object that has the same lifetime as
|
||||
an application context.</p>
|
||||
<div class="admonition note">
|
||||
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
|
||||
<p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">g</span></code> name stands for “global”, but that is referring to the
|
||||
data being global <em>within a context</em>. The data on <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">g</span></code> is lost
|
||||
after the context ends, and it is not an appropriate place to store
|
||||
data between requests. Use the <a class="reference internal" href="api.html#flask.session" title="flask.session"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">session</span></code></a> or a database to
|
||||
store data across requests.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<p>A common use for <a class="reference internal" href="api.html#flask.g" title="flask.g"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">g</span></code></a> is to manage resources during a request.</p>
|
||||
<ol class="arabic simple">
|
||||
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get_X()</span></code> creates resource <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">X</span></code> if it does not exist, caching it
|
||||
as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">g.X</span></code>.</p></li>
|
||||
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">teardown_X()</span></code> closes or otherwise deallocates the resource if it
|
||||
exists. It is registered as a <a class="reference internal" href="api.html#flask.Flask.teardown_appcontext" title="flask.Flask.teardown_appcontext"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">teardown_appcontext()</span></code></a>
|
||||
handler.</p></li>
|
||||
</ol>
|
||||
<p>For example, you can manage a database connection using this pattern:</p>
|
||||
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">flask</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">g</span>
|
||||
|
||||
<span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">get_db</span><span class="p">():</span>
|
||||
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="s1">'db'</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">g</span><span class="p">:</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">g</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">db</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">connect_to_database</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||||
|
||||
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">g</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">db</span>
|
||||
|
||||
<span class="nd">@app</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">teardown_appcontext</span>
|
||||
<span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">teardown_db</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">exception</span><span class="p">):</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">db</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">g</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pop</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'db'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||||
|
||||
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">db</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">:</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">db</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||||
</pre></div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<p>During a request, every call to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get_db()</span></code> will return the same
|
||||
connection, and it will be closed automatically at the end of the
|
||||
request.</p>
|
||||
<p>You can use <a class="reference external" href="https://werkzeug.palletsprojects.com/en/stable/local/#werkzeug.local.LocalProxy" title="(in Werkzeug v3.1.x)"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">LocalProxy</span></code></a> to make a new context
|
||||
local from <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get_db()</span></code>:</p>
|
||||
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">werkzeug.local</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">LocalProxy</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">db</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">LocalProxy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">get_db</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||||
</pre></div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<p>Accessing <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">db</span></code> will call <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get_db</span></code> internally, in the same way that
|
||||
<a class="reference internal" href="api.html#flask.current_app" title="flask.current_app"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">current_app</span></code></a> works.</p>
|
||||
</section>
|
||||
<section id="events-and-signals">
|
||||
<h2>Events and Signals<a class="headerlink" href="#events-and-signals" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
|
||||
<p>The application will call functions registered with <a class="reference internal" href="api.html#flask.Flask.teardown_appcontext" title="flask.Flask.teardown_appcontext"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">teardown_appcontext()</span></code></a>
|
||||
when the application context is popped.</p>
|
||||
<p>The following signals are sent: <a class="reference internal" href="api.html#flask.appcontext_pushed" title="flask.appcontext_pushed"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">appcontext_pushed</span></code></a>,
|
||||
<a class="reference internal" href="api.html#flask.appcontext_tearing_down" title="flask.appcontext_tearing_down"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">appcontext_tearing_down</span></code></a>, and <a class="reference internal" href="api.html#flask.appcontext_popped" title="flask.appcontext_popped"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">appcontext_popped</span></code></a>.</p>
|
||||
</section>
|
||||
</section>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
/* Non-minified version is copied as a separate JS file, if available */
|
||||
<div class="clearer"></div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<span id="sidebar-top"></span>
|
||||
<div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="Main">
|
||||
<div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
|
||||
|
||||
/**
|
||||
* Porter Stemmer
|
||||
*/
|
||||
var Stemmer = function() {
|
||||
|
||||
var step2list = {
|
||||
ational: 'ate',
|
||||
tional: 'tion',
|
||||
enci: 'ence',
|
||||
anci: 'ance',
|
||||
izer: 'ize',
|
||||
bli: 'ble',
|
||||
alli: 'al',
|
||||
entli: 'ent',
|
||||
eli: 'e',
|
||||
ousli: 'ous',
|
||||
ization: 'ize',
|
||||
ation: 'ate',
|
||||
ator: 'ate',
|
||||
alism: 'al',
|
||||
iveness: 'ive',
|
||||
fulness: 'ful',
|
||||
ousness: 'ous',
|
||||
aliti: 'al',
|
||||
iviti: 'ive',
|
||||
biliti: 'ble',
|
||||
logi: 'log'
|
||||
};
|
||||
<p class="logo"><a href="index.html">
|
||||
<img class="logo" src="_static/flask-vertical.png" alt="Logo of Flask"/>
|
||||
</a></p>
|
||||
|
||||
var step3list = {
|
||||
icate: 'ic',
|
||||
ative: '',
|
||||
alize: 'al',
|
||||
iciti: 'ic',
|
||||
ical: 'ic',
|
||||
ful: '',
|
||||
ness: ''
|
||||
};
|
||||
|
||||
var c = "[^aeiou]"; // consonant
|
||||
var v = "[aeiouy]"; // vowel
|
||||
var C = c + "[^aeiouy]*"; // consonant sequence
|
||||
var V = v + "[aeiou]*"; // vowel sequence
|
||||
|
||||
var mgr0 = "^(" + C + ")?" + V + C; // [C]VC... is m>0
|
||||
var meq1 = "^(" + C + ")?" + V + C + "(" + V + ")?$"; // [C]VC[V] is m=1
|
||||
var mgr1 = "^(" + C + ")?" + V + C + V + C; // [C]VCVC... is m>1
|
||||
var s_v = "^(" + C + ")?" + v; // vowel in stem
|
||||
|
||||
this.stemWord = function (w) {
|
||||
var stem;
|
||||
var suffix;
|
||||
var firstch;
|
||||
var origword = w;
|
||||
|
||||
if (w.length < 3)
|
||||
return w;
|
||||
|
||||
var re;
|
||||
var re2;
|
||||
var re3;
|
||||
var re4;
|
||||
|
||||
firstch = w.substr(0,1);
|
||||
if (firstch == "y")
|
||||
w = firstch.toUpperCase() + w.substr(1);
|
||||
|
||||
// Step 1a
|
||||
re = /^(.+?)(ss|i)es$/;
|
||||
re2 = /^(.+?)([^s])s$/;
|
||||
|
||||
if (re.test(w))
|
||||
w = w.replace(re,"$1$2");
|
||||
else if (re2.test(w))
|
||||
w = w.replace(re2,"$1$2");
|
||||
|
||||
// Step 1b
|
||||
re = /^(.+?)eed$/;
|
||||
re2 = /^(.+?)(ed|ing)$/;
|
||||
if (re.test(w)) {
|
||||
var fp = re.exec(w);
|
||||
re = new RegExp(mgr0);
|
||||
if (re.test(fp[1])) {
|
||||
re = /.$/;
|
||||
w = w.replace(re,"");
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
else if (re2.test(w)) {
|
||||
var fp = re2.exec(w);
|
||||
stem = fp[1];
|
||||
re2 = new RegExp(s_v);
|
||||
if (re2.test(stem)) {
|
||||
w = stem;
|
||||
re2 = /(at|bl|iz)$/;
|
||||
re3 = new RegExp("([^aeiouylsz])\\1$");
|
||||
re4 = new RegExp("^" + C + v + "[^aeiouwxy]$");
|
||||
if (re2.test(w))
|
||||
w = w + "e";
|
||||
else if (re3.test(w)) {
|
||||
re = /.$/;
|
||||
w = w.replace(re,"");
|
||||
}
|
||||
else if (re4.test(w))
|
||||
w = w + "e";
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Step 1c
|
||||
re = /^(.+?)y$/;
|
||||
if (re.test(w)) {
|
||||
var fp = re.exec(w);
|
||||
stem = fp[1];
|
||||
re = new RegExp(s_v);
|
||||
if (re.test(stem))
|
||||
w = stem + "i";
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Step 2
|
||||
re = /^(.+?)(ational|tional|enci|anci|izer|bli|alli|entli|eli|ousli|ization|ation|ator|alism|iveness|fulness|ousness|aliti|iviti|biliti|logi)$/;
|
||||
if (re.test(w)) {
|
||||
var fp = re.exec(w);
|
||||
stem = fp[1];
|
||||
suffix = fp[2];
|
||||
re = new RegExp(mgr0);
|
||||
if (re.test(stem))
|
||||
w = stem + step2list[suffix];
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Step 3
|
||||
re = /^(.+?)(icate|ative|alize|iciti|ical|ful|ness)$/;
|
||||
if (re.test(w)) {
|
||||
var fp = re.exec(w);
|
||||
stem = fp[1];
|
||||
suffix = fp[2];
|
||||
re = new RegExp(mgr0);
|
||||
if (re.test(stem))
|
||||
w = stem + step3list[suffix];
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Step 4
|
||||
re = /^(.+?)(al|ance|ence|er|ic|able|ible|ant|ement|ment|ent|ou|ism|ate|iti|ous|ive|ize)$/;
|
||||
re2 = /^(.+?)(s|t)(ion)$/;
|
||||
if (re.test(w)) {
|
||||
var fp = re.exec(w);
|
||||
stem = fp[1];
|
||||
re = new RegExp(mgr1);
|
||||
if (re.test(stem))
|
||||
w = stem;
|
||||
}
|
||||
else if (re2.test(w)) {
|
||||
var fp = re2.exec(w);
|
||||
stem = fp[1] + fp[2];
|
||||
re2 = new RegExp(mgr1);
|
||||
if (re2.test(stem))
|
||||
w = stem;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Step 5
|
||||
re = /^(.+?)e$/;
|
||||
if (re.test(w)) {
|
||||
var fp = re.exec(w);
|
||||
stem = fp[1];
|
||||
re = new RegExp(mgr1);
|
||||
re2 = new RegExp(meq1);
|
||||
re3 = new RegExp("^" + C + v + "[^aeiouwxy]$");
|
||||
if (re.test(stem) || (re2.test(stem) && !(re3.test(stem))))
|
||||
w = stem;
|
||||
}
|
||||
re = /ll$/;
|
||||
re2 = new RegExp(mgr1);
|
||||
if (re.test(w) && re2.test(w)) {
|
||||
re = /.$/;
|
||||
w = w.replace(re,"");
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// and turn initial Y back to y
|
||||
if (firstch == "y")
|
||||
w = firstch.toLowerCase() + w.substr(1);
|
||||
return w;
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
<h3>Contents</h3>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">The Application Context</a><ul>
|
||||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#purpose-of-the-context">Purpose of the Context</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#lifetime-of-the-context">Lifetime of the Context</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#manually-push-a-context">Manually Push a Context</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#storing-data">Storing Data</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#events-and-signals">Events and Signals</a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<h3>Navigation</h3>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li><a href="index.html">Overview</a>
|
||||
<ul>
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<li class="nav-item nav-item-this"><a href="">Using <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">async</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">await</span></code></a></li>
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<section id="using-async-and-await">
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<span id="async-await"></span><h1>Using <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">async</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">await</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#using-async-and-await" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h1>
|
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<details class="changelog">
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<summary>Changelog</summary><div class="versionadded">
|
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<p><span class="versionmodified added">Added in version 2.0.</span></p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</details><p>Routes, error handlers, before request, after request, and teardown
|
||||
functions can all be coroutine functions if Flask is installed with the
|
||||
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">async</span></code> extra (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pip</span> <span class="pre">install</span> <span class="pre">flask[async]</span></code>). This allows views to be
|
||||
defined with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">async</span> <span class="pre">def</span></code> and use <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">await</span></code>.</p>
|
||||
<div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nd">@app</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">route</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"/get-data"</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||||
<span class="k">async</span> <span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">get_data</span><span class="p">():</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">async_db_query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">...</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||||
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">jsonify</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||||
</pre></div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<p>Pluggable class-based views also support handlers that are implemented as
|
||||
coroutines. This applies to the <a class="reference internal" href="api.html#flask.views.View.dispatch_request" title="flask.views.View.dispatch_request"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dispatch_request()</span></code></a>
|
||||
method in views that inherit from the <a class="reference internal" href="api.html#flask.views.View" title="flask.views.View"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">flask.views.View</span></code></a> class, as
|
||||
well as all the HTTP method handlers in views that inherit from the
|
||||
<a class="reference internal" href="api.html#flask.views.MethodView" title="flask.views.MethodView"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">flask.views.MethodView</span></code></a> class.</p>
|
||||
<div class="admonition-using-async-with-greenlet admonition">
|
||||
<p class="admonition-title">Using <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">async</span></code> with greenlet</p>
|
||||
<p>When using gevent or eventlet to serve an application or patch the
|
||||
runtime, greenlet>=1.0 is required. When using PyPy, PyPy>=7.3.7 is
|
||||
required.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<section id="performance">
|
||||
<h2>Performance<a class="headerlink" href="#performance" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
|
||||
<p>Async functions require an event loop to run. Flask, as a WSGI
|
||||
application, uses one worker to handle one request/response cycle.
|
||||
When a request comes in to an async view, Flask will start an event loop
|
||||
in a thread, run the view function there, then return the result.</p>
|
||||
<p>Each request still ties up one worker, even for async views. The upside
|
||||
is that you can run async code within a view, for example to make
|
||||
multiple concurrent database queries, HTTP requests to an external API,
|
||||
etc. However, the number of requests your application can handle at one
|
||||
time will remain the same.</p>
|
||||
<p><strong>Async is not inherently faster than sync code.</strong> Async is beneficial
|
||||
when performing concurrent IO-bound tasks, but will probably not improve
|
||||
CPU-bound tasks. Traditional Flask views will still be appropriate for
|
||||
most use cases, but Flask’s async support enables writing and using
|
||||
code that wasn’t possible natively before.</p>
|
||||
</section>
|
||||
<section id="background-tasks">
|
||||
<h2>Background tasks<a class="headerlink" href="#background-tasks" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
|
||||
<p>Async functions will run in an event loop until they complete, at
|
||||
which stage the event loop will stop. This means any additional
|
||||
spawned tasks that haven’t completed when the async function completes
|
||||
will be cancelled. Therefore you cannot spawn background tasks, for
|
||||
example via <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">asyncio.create_task</span></code>.</p>
|
||||
<p>If you wish to use background tasks it is best to use a task queue to
|
||||
trigger background work, rather than spawn tasks in a view
|
||||
function. With that in mind you can spawn asyncio tasks by serving
|
||||
Flask with an ASGI server and utilising the asgiref WsgiToAsgi adapter
|
||||
as described in <a class="reference internal" href="deploying/asgi.html"><span class="doc">ASGI</span></a>. This works as the adapter creates
|
||||
an event loop that runs continually.</p>
|
||||
</section>
|
||||
<section id="when-to-use-quart-instead">
|
||||
<h2>When to use Quart instead<a class="headerlink" href="#when-to-use-quart-instead" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
|
||||
<p>Flask’s async support is less performant than async-first frameworks due
|
||||
to the way it is implemented. If you have a mainly async codebase it
|
||||
would make sense to consider <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/pallets/quart">Quart</a>. Quart is a reimplementation of
|
||||
Flask based on the <a class="reference external" href="https://asgi.readthedocs.io/en/latest/">ASGI</a> standard instead of WSGI. This allows it to
|
||||
handle many concurrent requests, long running requests, and websockets
|
||||
without requiring multiple worker processes or threads.</p>
|
||||
<p>It has also already been possible to run Flask with Gevent or Eventlet
|
||||
to get many of the benefits of async request handling. These libraries
|
||||
patch low-level Python functions to accomplish this, whereas <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">async</span></code>/
|
||||
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">await</span></code> and ASGI use standard, modern Python capabilities. Deciding
|
||||
whether you should use Flask, Quart, or something else is ultimately up
|
||||
to understanding the specific needs of your project.</p>
|
||||
</section>
|
||||
<section id="extensions">
|
||||
<h2>Extensions<a class="headerlink" href="#extensions" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
|
||||
<p>Flask extensions predating Flask’s async support do not expect async views.
|
||||
If they provide decorators to add functionality to views, those will probably
|
||||
not work with async views because they will not await the function or be
|
||||
awaitable. Other functions they provide will not be awaitable either and
|
||||
will probably be blocking if called within an async view.</p>
|
||||
<p>Extension authors can support async functions by utilising the
|
||||
<a class="reference internal" href="api.html#flask.Flask.ensure_sync" title="flask.Flask.ensure_sync"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">flask.Flask.ensure_sync()</span></code></a> method. For example, if the extension
|
||||
provides a view function decorator add <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ensure_sync</span></code> before calling
|
||||
the decorated function,</p>
|
||||
<div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">extension</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">func</span><span class="p">):</span>
|
||||
<span class="nd">@wraps</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">func</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||||
<span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">wrapper</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">):</span>
|
||||
<span class="o">...</span> <span class="c1"># Extension logic</span>
|
||||
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">current_app</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ensure_sync</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">func</span><span class="p">)(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||||
|
||||
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">wrapper</span>
|
||||
</pre></div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<p>Check the changelog of the extension you want to use to see if they’ve
|
||||
implemented async support, or make a feature request or PR to them.</p>
|
||||
</section>
|
||||
<section id="other-event-loops">
|
||||
<h2>Other event loops<a class="headerlink" href="#other-event-loops" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
|
||||
<p>At the moment Flask only supports <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/asyncio.html#module-asyncio" title="(in Python v3.13)"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">asyncio</span></code></a>. It’s possible to
|
||||
override <a class="reference internal" href="api.html#flask.Flask.ensure_sync" title="flask.Flask.ensure_sync"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">flask.Flask.ensure_sync()</span></code></a> to change how async functions
|
||||
are wrapped to use a different library.</p>
|
||||
</section>
|
||||
</section>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="clearer"></div>
|
||||
</div>
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</div>
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<div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="Main">
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<div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
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<p class="logo"><a href="index.html">
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<img class="logo" src="_static/flask-vertical.png" alt="Logo of Flask"/>
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|
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|
||||
|
||||
<h3>Contents</h3>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Using <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">async</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">await</span></code></a><ul>
|
||||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#performance">Performance</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#background-tasks">Background tasks</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#when-to-use-quart-instead">When to use Quart instead</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#extensions">Extensions</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#other-event-loops">Other event loops</a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<h3>Navigation</h3>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li><a href="index.html">Overview</a>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li>Previous: <a href="deploying/apache-httpd.html" title="previous chapter">Apache httpd</a>
|
||||
<li>Next: <a href="api.html" title="next chapter">API</a>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
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<search id="searchbox" style="display: none" role="search">
|
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<h3 id="searchlabel">Quick search</h3>
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<div class="searchformwrapper">
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||||
<form class="search" action="search.html" method="get">
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<input type="text" name="q" aria-labelledby="searchlabel" autocomplete="off" autocorrect="off" autocapitalize="off" spellcheck="false"/>
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||||
<input type="submit" value="Go" />
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||||
</form>
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||||
</div>
|
||||
</search>
|
||||
<script>document.getElementById('searchbox').style.display = "block"</script><div id="ethical-ad-placement"></div>
|
||||
</div>
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||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="clearer"></div>
|
||||
</div>
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<div class="footer" role="contentinfo">
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© Copyright 2010 Pallets.
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Created using <a href="https://www.sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> 8.1.3.
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</div>
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</body>
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||||
</html>
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||||
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|
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