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<meta charset="utf-8" />
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<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
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<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
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<title>gevent — Flask Documentation (3.2.x)</title>
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<title>mod_wsgi — Flask Documentation (3.2.x)</title>
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<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../_static/pygments.css?v=6625fa76" />
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<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../_static/flask.css?v=b87c8d14" />
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<script src="../_static/documentation_options.js?v=56528222"></script>
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@ -15,8 +15,8 @@
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<link rel="icon" href="../_static/shortcut-icon.png"/>
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<link rel="index" title="Index" href="../genindex.html" />
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<link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html" />
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<link rel="next" title="eventlet" href="eventlet.html" />
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<link rel="prev" title="uWSGI" href="uwsgi.html" />
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<link rel="next" title="uWSGI" href="uwsgi.html" />
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</head><body>
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<div class="related" role="navigation" aria-label="Related">
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<h3>Navigation</h3>
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<a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index"
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>modules</a> |</li>
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<li class="right" >
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<a href="eventlet.html" title="eventlet"
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<a href="uwsgi.html" title="uWSGI"
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accesskey="N">next</a> |</li>
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<li class="right" >
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<a href="uwsgi.html" title="uWSGI"
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<a href="waitress.html" title="Waitress"
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accesskey="P">previous</a> |</li>
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<li class="nav-item nav-item-0"><a href="../index.html">Flask Documentation (3.2.x)</a> »</li>
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<li class="nav-item nav-item-1"><a href="index.html" accesskey="U">Deploying to Production</a> »</li>
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<li class="nav-item nav-item-this"><a href="">gevent</a></li>
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<li class="nav-item nav-item-this"><a href="">mod_wsgi</a></li>
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</ul>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div class="document">
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<div class="documentwrapper">
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<div class="bodywrapper">
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<div class="body" role="main">
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<section id="gevent">
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<h1>gevent<a class="headerlink" href="#gevent" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h1>
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<p>Prefer using <a class="reference internal" href="gunicorn.html"><span class="doc">Gunicorn</span></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="uwsgi.html"><span class="doc">uWSGI</span></a> with gevent workers rather
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than using <a class="reference external" href="https://www.gevent.org/">gevent</a> directly. Gunicorn and uWSGI provide much more
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configurable and production-tested servers.</p>
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<p><a class="reference external" href="https://www.gevent.org/">gevent</a> allows writing asynchronous, coroutine-based code that looks
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like standard synchronous Python. It uses <a class="reference external" href="https://greenlet.readthedocs.io/en/latest/">greenlet</a> to enable task
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switching without writing <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">async/await</span></code> or using <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">asyncio</span></code>.</p>
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<p><a class="reference internal" href="eventlet.html"><span class="doc">eventlet</span></a> is another library that does the same thing. Certain
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dependencies you have, or other considerations, may affect which of the
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two you choose to use.</p>
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<p>gevent provides a WSGI server that can handle many connections at once
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instead of one per worker process. You must actually use gevent in your
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own code to see any benefit to using the server.</p>
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<section id="mod-wsgi">
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<h1>mod_wsgi<a class="headerlink" href="#mod-wsgi" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h1>
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<p><a class="reference external" href="https://modwsgi.readthedocs.io/">mod_wsgi</a> is a WSGI server integrated with the <a class="reference external" href="https://httpd.apache.org/">Apache httpd</a> server.
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The modern <a class="reference external" href="https://pypi.org/project/mod-wsgi/">mod_wsgi-express</a> command makes it easy to configure and
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start the server without needing to write Apache httpd configuration.</p>
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<ul class="simple">
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<li><p>Tightly integrated with Apache httpd.</p></li>
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<li><p>Supports Windows directly.</p></li>
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<li><p>Requires a compiler and the Apache development headers to install.</p></li>
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<li><p>Does not require a reverse proxy setup.</p></li>
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</ul>
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<p>This page outlines the basics of running mod_wsgi-express, not the more
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complex installation and configuration with httpd. Be sure to read the
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<a class="reference external" href="https://pypi.org/project/mod-wsgi/">mod_wsgi-express</a>, <a class="reference external" href="https://modwsgi.readthedocs.io/">mod_wsgi</a>, and <a class="reference external" href="https://httpd.apache.org/">Apache httpd</a> documentation to
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understand what features are available.</p>
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<section id="installing">
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<h2>Installing<a class="headerlink" href="#installing" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
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<p>When using gevent, greenlet>=1.0 is required, otherwise context locals
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such as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">request</span></code> will not work as expected. When using PyPy,
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PyPy>=7.3.7 is required.</p>
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<p>Create a virtualenv, install your application, then install <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">gevent</span></code>.</p>
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<p>Installing mod_wsgi requires a compiler and the Apache server and
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development headers installed. You will get an error if they are not.
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How to install them depends on the OS and package manager that you use.</p>
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<p>Create a virtualenv, install your application, then install
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<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mod_wsgi</span></code>.</p>
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<div class="highlight-text notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>$ cd hello-app
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$ python -m venv .venv
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$ . .venv/bin/activate
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$ pip install . # install your application
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$ pip install gevent
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$ pip install mod_wsgi
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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</section>
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<section id="running">
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<h2>Running<a class="headerlink" href="#running" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
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<p>To use gevent to serve your application, write a script that imports its
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<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">WSGIServer</span></code>, as well as your app or app factory.</p>
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<p>The only argument to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mod_wsgi-express</span></code> specifies a script containing
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your Flask application, which must be called <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">application</span></code>. You can
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write a small script to import your app with this name, or to create it
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if using the app factory pattern.</p>
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<div class="literal-block-wrapper docutils container" id="id2">
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<div class="code-block-caption"><span class="caption-text"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">wsgi.py</span></code></span><a class="headerlink" href="#id2" title="Link to this code">¶</a></div>
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<div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">gevent.pywsgi</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">WSGIServer</span>
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<span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">hello</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">create_app</span>
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<div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">hello</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">app</span>
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<span class="n">app</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">create_app</span><span class="p">()</span>
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<span class="n">http_server</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">WSGIServer</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="s2">"127.0.0.1"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">8000</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">app</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="n">http_server</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">serve_forever</span><span class="p">()</span>
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<span class="n">application</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">app</span>
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div class="highlight-text notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>$ python wsgi.py
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<div class="literal-block-wrapper docutils container" id="id3">
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<div class="code-block-caption"><span class="caption-text"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">wsgi.py</span></code></span><a class="headerlink" href="#id3" title="Link to this code">¶</a></div>
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<div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">hello</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">create_app</span>
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<span class="n">application</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">create_app</span><span class="p">()</span>
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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<p>No output is shown when the server starts.</p>
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</div>
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<p>Now run the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mod_wsgi-express</span> <span class="pre">start-server</span></code> command.</p>
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<div class="highlight-text notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>$ mod_wsgi-express start-server wsgi.py --processes 4
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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<p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--processes</span></code> option specifies the number of worker processes to
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run; a starting value could be <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CPU</span> <span class="pre">*</span> <span class="pre">2</span></code>.</p>
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<p>Logs for each request aren’t show in the terminal. If an error occurs,
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its information is written to the error log file shown when starting the
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server.</p>
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</section>
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<section id="binding-externally">
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<h2>Binding Externally<a class="headerlink" href="#binding-externally" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
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<p>gevent should not be run as root because it would cause your
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application code to run as root, which is not secure. However, this
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means it will not be possible to bind to port 80 or 443. Instead, a
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reverse proxy such as <a class="reference internal" href="nginx.html"><span class="doc">nginx</span></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="apache-httpd.html"><span class="doc">Apache httpd</span></a> should be used
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in front of gevent.</p>
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<p>You can bind to all external IPs on a non-privileged port by using
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<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0.0.0.0</span></code> in the server arguments shown in the previous section. Don’t
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do this when using a reverse proxy setup, otherwise it will be possible
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to bypass the proxy.</p>
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<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0.0.0.0</span></code> is not a valid address to navigate to, you’d use a specific
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IP address in your browser.</p>
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<p>Unlike the other WSGI servers in these docs, mod_wsgi can be run as
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root to bind to privileged ports like 80 and 443. However, it must be
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configured to drop permissions to a different user and group for the
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worker processes.</p>
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<p>For example, if you created a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">hello</span></code> user and group, you should
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install your virtualenv and application as that user, then tell
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mod_wsgi to drop to that user after starting.</p>
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<div class="highlight-text notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>$ sudo /home/hello/.venv/bin/mod_wsgi-express start-server \
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/home/hello/wsgi.py \
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--user hello --group hello --port 80 --processes 4
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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</section>
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</section>
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@ -116,16 +131,16 @@ IP address in your browser.</p>
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<span id="sidebar-top"></span>
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<div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="Main">
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<div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
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<p class="logo"><a href="../index.html">
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<img class="logo" src="../_static/flask-vertical.png" alt="Logo of Flask"/>
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</a></p>
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<h3>Contents</h3>
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<ul>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">gevent</a><ul>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">mod_wsgi</a><ul>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#installing">Installing</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#running">Running</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#binding-externally">Binding Externally</a></li>
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@ -138,8 +153,8 @@ IP address in your browser.</p>
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<ul>
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<li><a href="index.html">Deploying to Production</a>
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<ul>
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<li>Previous: <a href="uwsgi.html" title="previous chapter">uWSGI</a>
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<li>Next: <a href="eventlet.html" title="next chapter">eventlet</a></ul>
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<li>Previous: <a href="waitress.html" title="previous chapter">Waitress</a>
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<li>Next: <a href="uwsgi.html" title="next chapter">uWSGI</a></ul>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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@ -163,4 +178,4 @@ IP address in your browser.</p>
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Created using <a href="https://www.sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> 8.1.3.
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