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<title>Message Flashing — Flask Documentation (3.2.x)</title>
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<li class="nav-item nav-item-1"><a href="index.html" accesskey="U">Patterns for Flask</a> »</li>
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<li class="nav-item nav-item-this"><a href="">Deferred Request Callbacks</a></li>
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<li class="nav-item nav-item-this"><a href="">Message Flashing</a></li>
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<section id="deferred-request-callbacks">
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<h1>Deferred Request Callbacks<a class="headerlink" href="#deferred-request-callbacks" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h1>
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<p>One of the design principles of Flask is that response objects are created and
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passed down a chain of potential callbacks that can modify them or replace
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them. When the request handling starts, there is no response object yet. It is
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created as necessary either by a view function or by some other component in
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the system.</p>
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<p>What happens if you want to modify the response at a point where the response
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does not exist yet? A common example for that would be a
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<a class="reference internal" href="../api.html#flask.Flask.before_request" title="flask.Flask.before_request"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">before_request()</span></code></a> callback that wants to set a cookie on the
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response object.</p>
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<p>One way is to avoid the situation. Very often that is possible. For instance
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you can try to move that logic into a <a class="reference internal" href="../api.html#flask.Flask.after_request" title="flask.Flask.after_request"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">after_request()</span></code></a>
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callback instead. However, sometimes moving code there makes it
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more complicated or awkward to reason about.</p>
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<p>As an alternative, you can use <a class="reference internal" href="../api.html#flask.after_this_request" title="flask.after_this_request"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">after_this_request()</span></code></a> to register
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callbacks that will execute after only the current request. This way you can
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defer code execution from anywhere in the application, based on the current
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request.</p>
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<p>At any time during a request, we can register a function to be called at the
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end of the request. For example you can remember the current language of the
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user in a cookie in a <a class="reference internal" href="../api.html#flask.Flask.before_request" title="flask.Flask.before_request"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">before_request()</span></code></a> callback:</p>
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<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">flask</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">request</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">after_this_request</span>
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<span class="nd">@app</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">before_request</span>
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<span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">detect_user_language</span><span class="p">():</span>
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<span class="n">language</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">request</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">cookies</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'user_lang'</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<section id="message-flashing">
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<h1>Message Flashing<a class="headerlink" href="#message-flashing" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h1>
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<p>Good applications and user interfaces are all about feedback. If the user
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does not get enough feedback they will probably end up hating the
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application. Flask provides a really simple way to give feedback to a
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user with the flashing system. The flashing system basically makes it
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possible to record a message at the end of a request and access it next
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request and only next request. This is usually combined with a layout
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template that does this. Note that browsers and sometimes web servers enforce
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a limit on cookie sizes. This means that flashing messages that are too
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large for session cookies causes message flashing to fail silently.</p>
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<section id="simple-flashing">
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<h2>Simple Flashing<a class="headerlink" href="#simple-flashing" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
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<p>So here is a full example:</p>
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<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">flask</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Flask</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">flash</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">redirect</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">render_template</span><span class="p">,</span> \
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<span class="n">request</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">url_for</span>
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<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">language</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">:</span>
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<span class="n">language</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">guess_language_from_request</span><span class="p">()</span>
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<span class="n">app</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Flask</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="vm">__name__</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="n">app</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">secret_key</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="sa">b</span><span class="s1">'_5#y2L"F4Q8z</span><span class="se">\n\xec</span><span class="s1">]/'</span>
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<span class="c1"># when the response exists, set a cookie with the language</span>
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<span class="nd">@after_this_request</span>
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<span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">remember_language</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">response</span><span class="p">):</span>
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<span class="n">response</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">set_cookie</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'user_lang'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">language</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">response</span>
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<span class="nd">@app</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">route</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'/'</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">index</span><span class="p">():</span>
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<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">render_template</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'index.html'</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="n">g</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">language</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">language</span>
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<span class="nd">@app</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">route</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'/login'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">methods</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'GET'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'POST'</span><span class="p">])</span>
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<span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">login</span><span class="p">():</span>
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<span class="n">error</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">None</span>
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<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">request</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s1">'POST'</span><span class="p">:</span>
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<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">request</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">form</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'username'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="s1">'admin'</span> <span class="ow">or</span> \
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<span class="n">request</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">form</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'password'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="s1">'secret'</span><span class="p">:</span>
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<span class="n">error</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'Invalid credentials'</span>
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<span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
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<span class="n">flash</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'You were successfully logged in'</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">redirect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">url_for</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'index'</span><span class="p">))</span>
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<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">render_template</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'login.html'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">error</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">error</span><span class="p">)</span>
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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<p>And here is the <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">layout.html</span></code> template which does the magic:</p>
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<div class="highlight-html+jinja notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="cp"><!doctype html></span>
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<span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">title</span><span class="p">></span>My Application<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">title</span><span class="p">></span>
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<span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">with</span> <span class="nv">messages</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">get_flashed_messages</span><span class="o">()</span> <span class="cp">%}</span>
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<span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="nv">messages</span> <span class="cp">%}</span>
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<span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">ul</span> <span class="na">class</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">flashes</span><span class="p">></span>
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<span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="nv">message</span> <span class="k">in</span> <span class="nv">messages</span> <span class="cp">%}</span>
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<span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">li</span><span class="p">></span><span class="cp">{{</span> <span class="nv">message</span> <span class="cp">}}</span><span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">li</span><span class="p">></span>
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<span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">endfor</span> <span class="cp">%}</span>
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<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">ul</span><span class="p">></span>
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||||
<span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">endif</span> <span class="cp">%}</span>
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||||
<span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">endwith</span> <span class="cp">%}</span>
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<span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">block</span> <span class="nv">body</span> <span class="cp">%}{%</span> <span class="k">endblock</span> <span class="cp">%}</span>
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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<p>Here is the <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">index.html</span></code> template which inherits from <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">layout.html</span></code>:</p>
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<div class="highlight-html+jinja notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="s2">"layout.html"</span> <span class="cp">%}</span>
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<span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">block</span> <span class="nv">body</span> <span class="cp">%}</span>
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<span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">h1</span><span class="p">></span>Overview<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">h1</span><span class="p">></span>
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<span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">></span>Do you want to <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">a</span> <span class="na">href</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"</span><span class="cp">{{</span> <span class="nv">url_for</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s1">'login'</span><span class="o">)</span> <span class="cp">}}</span><span class="s">"</span><span class="p">></span>log in?<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">a</span><span class="p">></span>
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<span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">endblock</span> <span class="cp">%}</span>
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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<p>And here is the <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">login.html</span></code> template which also inherits from
|
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<code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">layout.html</span></code>:</p>
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<div class="highlight-html+jinja notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="s2">"layout.html"</span> <span class="cp">%}</span>
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||||
<span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">block</span> <span class="nv">body</span> <span class="cp">%}</span>
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<span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">h1</span><span class="p">></span>Login<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">h1</span><span class="p">></span>
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<span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="nv">error</span> <span class="cp">%}</span>
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<span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">p</span> <span class="na">class</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">error</span><span class="p">><</span><span class="nt">strong</span><span class="p">></span>Error:<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">strong</span><span class="p">></span> <span class="cp">{{</span> <span class="nv">error</span> <span class="cp">}}</span>
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<span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">endif</span> <span class="cp">%}</span>
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<span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">form</span> <span class="na">method</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">post</span><span class="p">></span>
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<span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">dl</span><span class="p">></span>
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<span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">dt</span><span class="p">></span>Username:
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<span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">dd</span><span class="p">><</span><span class="nt">input</span> <span class="na">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">text</span> <span class="na">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">username</span> <span class="na">value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"</span><span class="cp">{{</span>
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<span class="nv">request.form.username</span> <span class="cp">}}</span><span class="s">"</span><span class="p">></span>
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<span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">dt</span><span class="p">></span>Password:
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<span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">dd</span><span class="p">><</span><span class="nt">input</span> <span class="na">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">password</span> <span class="na">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">password</span><span class="p">></span>
|
||||
<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">dl</span><span class="p">></span>
|
||||
<span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">><</span><span class="nt">input</span> <span class="na">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">submit</span> <span class="na">value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">Login</span><span class="p">></span>
|
||||
<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">form</span><span class="p">></span>
|
||||
<span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">endblock</span> <span class="cp">%}</span>
|
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</pre></div>
|
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</div>
|
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</section>
|
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<section id="flashing-with-categories">
|
||||
<h2>Flashing With Categories<a class="headerlink" href="#flashing-with-categories" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
|
||||
<details class="changelog">
|
||||
<summary>Changelog</summary><div class="versionadded">
|
||||
<p><span class="versionmodified added">Added in version 0.3.</span></p>
|
||||
</div>
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||||
</details><p>It is also possible to provide categories when flashing a message. The
|
||||
default category if nothing is provided is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'message'</span></code>. Alternative
|
||||
categories can be used to give the user better feedback. For example
|
||||
error messages could be displayed with a red background.</p>
|
||||
<p>To flash a message with a different category, just use the second argument
|
||||
to the <a class="reference internal" href="../api.html#flask.flash" title="flask.flash"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">flash()</span></code></a> function:</p>
|
||||
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">flash</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'Invalid password provided'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'error'</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||||
</pre></div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<p>Inside the template you then have to tell the
|
||||
<a class="reference internal" href="../api.html#flask.get_flashed_messages" title="flask.get_flashed_messages"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get_flashed_messages()</span></code></a> function to also return the
|
||||
categories. The loop looks slightly different in that situation then:</p>
|
||||
<div class="highlight-html+jinja notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">with</span> <span class="nv">messages</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">get_flashed_messages</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="nv">with_categories</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kp">true</span><span class="o">)</span> <span class="cp">%}</span>
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||||
<span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="nv">messages</span> <span class="cp">%}</span>
|
||||
<span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">ul</span> <span class="na">class</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">flashes</span><span class="p">></span>
|
||||
<span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="nv">category</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="nv">message</span> <span class="k">in</span> <span class="nv">messages</span> <span class="cp">%}</span>
|
||||
<span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">li</span> <span class="na">class</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"</span><span class="cp">{{</span> <span class="nv">category</span> <span class="cp">}}</span><span class="s">"</span><span class="p">></span><span class="cp">{{</span> <span class="nv">message</span> <span class="cp">}}</span><span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">li</span><span class="p">></span>
|
||||
<span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">endfor</span> <span class="cp">%}</span>
|
||||
<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">ul</span><span class="p">></span>
|
||||
<span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">endif</span> <span class="cp">%}</span>
|
||||
<span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">endwith</span> <span class="cp">%}</span>
|
||||
</pre></div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<p>This is just one example of how to render these flashed messages. One
|
||||
might also use the category to add a prefix such as
|
||||
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><strong>Error:</strong></span></code> to the message.</p>
|
||||
</section>
|
||||
<section id="filtering-flash-messages">
|
||||
<h2>Filtering Flash Messages<a class="headerlink" href="#filtering-flash-messages" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
|
||||
<details class="changelog">
|
||||
<summary>Changelog</summary><div class="versionadded">
|
||||
<p><span class="versionmodified added">Added in version 0.9.</span></p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</details><p>Optionally you can pass a list of categories which filters the results of
|
||||
<a class="reference internal" href="../api.html#flask.get_flashed_messages" title="flask.get_flashed_messages"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get_flashed_messages()</span></code></a>. This is useful if you wish to
|
||||
render each category in a separate block.</p>
|
||||
<div class="highlight-html+jinja notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">with</span> <span class="nv">errors</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">get_flashed_messages</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="nv">category_filter</span><span class="o">=[</span><span class="s2">"error"</span><span class="o">])</span> <span class="cp">%}</span>
|
||||
<span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="nv">errors</span> <span class="cp">%}</span>
|
||||
<span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">div</span> <span class="na">class</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"alert-message block-message error"</span><span class="p">></span>
|
||||
<span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">a</span> <span class="na">class</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"close"</span> <span class="na">href</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"#"</span><span class="p">></span>×<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">a</span><span class="p">></span>
|
||||
<span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">ul</span><span class="p">></span>
|
||||
<span class="cp">{%</span>- <span class="k">for</span> <span class="nv">msg</span> <span class="k">in</span> <span class="nv">errors</span> <span class="cp">%}</span>
|
||||
<span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">li</span><span class="p">></span><span class="cp">{{</span> <span class="nv">msg</span> <span class="cp">}}</span><span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">li</span><span class="p">></span>
|
||||
<span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">endfor</span> -<span class="cp">%}</span>
|
||||
<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">ul</span><span class="p">></span>
|
||||
<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">div</span><span class="p">></span>
|
||||
<span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">endif</span> <span class="cp">%}</span>
|
||||
<span class="cp">{%</span> <span class="k">endwith</span> <span class="cp">%}</span>
|
||||
</pre></div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</section>
|
||||
</section>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -94,20 +193,30 @@ user in a cookie in a <a class="reference internal" href="../api.html#flask.Flas
|
|||
<span id="sidebar-top"></span>
|
||||
<div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="Main">
|
||||
<div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<p class="logo"><a href="../index.html">
|
||||
<img class="logo" src="../_static/flask-vertical.png" alt="Logo of Flask"/>
|
||||
</a></p>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<h3>Contents</h3>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Message Flashing</a><ul>
|
||||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#simple-flashing">Simple Flashing</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#flashing-with-categories">Flashing With Categories</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#filtering-flash-messages">Filtering Flash Messages</a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<h3>Navigation</h3>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li><a href="../index.html">Overview</a>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li><a href="index.html">Patterns for Flask</a>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li>Previous: <a href="streaming.html" title="previous chapter">Streaming Contents</a>
|
||||
<li>Next: <a href="methodoverrides.html" title="next chapter">Adding HTTP Method Overrides</a></ul>
|
||||
<li>Previous: <a href="templateinheritance.html" title="previous chapter">Template Inheritance</a>
|
||||
<li>Next: <a href="javascript.html" title="next chapter">JavaScript, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fetch</span></code>, and JSON</a></ul>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
|
@ -131,4 +240,4 @@ user in a cookie in a <a class="reference internal" href="../api.html#flask.Flas
|
|||
Created using <a href="https://www.sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> 8.1.3.
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</body>
|
||||
</html>
|
||||
</html>
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
Loading…
Add table
Add a link
Reference in a new issue