update docs about gevent/eventlet/greenlet
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David Lord
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Standalone WSGI Containers
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==========================
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Standalone WSGI Servers
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=======================
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Most WSGI servers also provide HTTP servers, so they can run a WSGI
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application and make it available externally.
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It may still be a good idea to run the server behind a dedicated HTTP
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server such as Apache or Nginx. See :ref:`deploying-proxy-setups` if you
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run into issues with that.
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There are popular servers written in Python that contain WSGI applications and
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serve HTTP. These servers stand alone when they run; you can proxy to them
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from your web server. Note the section on :ref:`deploying-proxy-setups` if you
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run into issues.
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Gunicorn
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--------
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`Gunicorn`_ 'Green Unicorn' is a WSGI HTTP Server for UNIX. It's a pre-fork
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worker model ported from Ruby's Unicorn project. It supports both `eventlet`_
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and `greenlet`_. Running a Flask application on this server is quite simple::
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`Gunicorn`_ is a WSGI and HTTP server for UNIX. To run a Flask
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application, tell Gunicorn how to import your Flask app object.
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$ gunicorn myproject:app
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.. code-block:: text
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`Gunicorn`_ provides many command-line options -- see ``gunicorn -h``.
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For example, to run a Flask application with 4 worker processes (``-w
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4``) binding to localhost port 4000 (``-b 127.0.0.1:4000``)::
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$ gunicorn -w 4 -b 0.0.0.0:5000 your_project:app
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$ gunicorn -w 4 -b 127.0.0.1:4000 myproject:app
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The ``-w 4`` option uses 4 workers to handle 4 requests at once. The
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``-b 0.0.0.0:5000`` serves the application on all interfaces on port
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5000.
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The ``gunicorn`` command expects the names of your application module or
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package and the application instance within the module. If you use the
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application factory pattern, you can pass a call to that::
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Gunicorn provides many options for configuring the server, either
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through a configuration file or with command line options. Use
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``gunicorn --help`` or see the docs for more information.
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The command expects the name of your module or package to import and
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the application instance within the module. If you use the application
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factory pattern, you can pass a call to that.
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.. code-block:: text
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$ gunicorn -w 4 -b 0.0.0.0:5000 "myproject:create_app()"
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Async with Gevent or Eventlet
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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The default sync worker is appropriate for many use cases. If you need
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asynchronous support, Gunicorn provides workers using either `gevent`_
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or `eventlet`_. This is not the same as Python's ``async/await``, or the
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ASGI server spec.
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When using either gevent or eventlet, greenlet>=1.0 is required,
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otherwise context locals such as ``request`` will not work as expected.
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When using PyPy, PyPy>=7.3.7 is required.
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To use gevent:
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.. code-block:: text
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$ gunicorn -k gevent -b 0.0.0.0:5000 your_project:app
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To use eventlet:
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.. code-block:: text
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$ gunicorn -k eventlet -b 0.0.0.0:5000 your_project:app
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$ gunicorn "myproject:create_app()"
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.. _Gunicorn: https://gunicorn.org/
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.. _gevent: http://www.gevent.org/
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.. _eventlet: https://eventlet.net/
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.. _greenlet: https://greenlet.readthedocs.io/en/latest/
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uWSGI
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--------
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-----
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`uWSGI`_ is a fast application server written in C. It is very configurable
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which makes it more complicated to setup than gunicorn.
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`uWSGI`_ is a fast application server written in C. It is very
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configurable, which makes it more complicated to setup than Gunicorn.
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It also provides many other utilities for writing robust web
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applications. To run a Flask application, tell Gunicorn how to import
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your Flask app object.
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Running `uWSGI HTTP Router`_::
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.. code-block:: text
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$ uwsgi --http 127.0.0.1:5000 --module myproject:app
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$ uwsgi --master -p 4 --http 0.0.0.0:5000 -w your_project:app
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For a more optimized setup, see :doc:`configuring uWSGI and NGINX <uwsgi>`.
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The ``-p 4`` option uses 4 workers to handle 4 requests at once. The
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``--http 0.0.0.0:5000`` serves the application on all interfaces on port
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5000.
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uWSGI has optimized integration with Nginx and Apache instead of using
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a standard HTTP proxy. See :doc:`configuring uWSGI and Nginx <uwsgi>`.
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Async with Gevent
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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The default sync worker is appropriate for many use cases. If you need
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asynchronous support, uWSGI provides workers using `gevent`_. It also
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supports other async modes, see the docs for more information. This is
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not the same as Python's ``async/await``, or the ASGI server spec.
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When using gevent, greenlet>=1.0 is required, otherwise context locals
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such as ``request`` will not work as expected. When using PyPy,
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PyPy>=7.3.7 is required.
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.. code-block:: text
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$ uwsgi --master --gevent 100 --http 0.0.0.0:5000 -w your_project:app
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.. _uWSGI: https://uwsgi-docs.readthedocs.io/en/latest/
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.. _uWSGI HTTP Router: https://uwsgi-docs.readthedocs.io/en/latest/HTTP.html#the-uwsgi-http-https-router
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Gevent
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-------
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------
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`Gevent`_ is a coroutine-based Python networking library that uses
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`greenlet`_ to provide a high-level synchronous API on top of `libev`_
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event loop::
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Prefer using `Gunicorn`_ with Gevent workers rather than using Gevent
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directly. Gunicorn provides a much more configurable and
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production-tested server. See the section on Gunicorn above.
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`Gevent`_ allows writing asynchronous, coroutine-based code that looks
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like standard synchronous Python. It uses `greenlet`_ to enable task
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switching without writing ``async/await`` or using ``asyncio``.
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It provides a WSGI server that can handle many connections at once
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instead of one per worker process.
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`Eventlet`_, described below, is another library that does the same
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thing. Certain dependencies you have, or other consideration, may affect
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which of the two you choose to use
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To use gevent to serve your application, import its ``WSGIServer`` and
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use it to run your ``app``.
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.. code-block:: python
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from gevent.pywsgi import WSGIServer
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from yourapplication import app
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from your_project import app
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http_server = WSGIServer(('', 5000), app)
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http_server = WSGIServer(("", 5000), app)
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http_server.serve_forever()
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.. _Gevent: http://www.gevent.org/
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.. _greenlet: https://greenlet.readthedocs.io/en/latest/
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.. _libev: http://software.schmorp.de/pkg/libev.html
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Eventlet
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--------
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Prefer using `Gunicorn`_ with Eventlet workers rather than using
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Eventlet directly. Gunicorn provides a much more configurable and
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production-tested server. See the section on Gunicorn above.
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`Eventlet`_ allows writing asynchronous, coroutine-based code that looks
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like standard synchronous Python. It uses `greenlet`_ to enable task
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switching without writing ``async/await`` or using ``asyncio``.
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It provides a WSGI server that can handle many connections at once
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instead of one per worker process.
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`Gevent`_, described above, is another library that does the same
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thing. Certain dependencies you have, or other consideration, may affect
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which of the two you choose to use
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To use eventlet to serve your application, import its ``wsgi.server``
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and use it to run your ``app``.
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.. code-block:: python
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import eventlet
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from eventlet import wsgi
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from your_project import app
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wsgi.server(eventlet.listen(("", 5000), app)
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Twisted Web
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-----------
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@ -69,7 +173,9 @@ Twisted Web
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`Twisted Web`_ is the web server shipped with `Twisted`_, a mature,
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non-blocking event-driven networking library. Twisted Web comes with a
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standard WSGI container which can be controlled from the command line using
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the ``twistd`` utility::
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the ``twistd`` utility:
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.. code-block:: text
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$ twistd web --wsgi myproject.app
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@ -79,13 +185,16 @@ This example will run a Flask application called ``app`` from a module named
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Twisted Web supports many flags and options, and the ``twistd`` utility does
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as well; see ``twistd -h`` and ``twistd web -h`` for more information. For
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example, to run a Twisted Web server in the foreground, on port 8080, with an
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application from ``myproject``::
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application from ``myproject``:
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.. code-block:: text
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$ twistd -n web --port tcp:8080 --wsgi myproject.app
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.. _Twisted: https://twistedmatrix.com/trac/
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.. _Twisted Web: https://twistedmatrix.com/trac/wiki/TwistedWeb
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.. _deploying-proxy-setups:
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Proxy Setups
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