Any for CertParamType type

request context tracks session access

.github/workflows/lock.yaml

@@ -7,17 +7,19 @@ name: Lock inactive closed issues
 on:
   schedule:
     - cron: '0 0 * * *'
-permissions:
-  issues: write
-  pull-requests: write
-  discussions: write
+permissions: {}
 concurrency:
   group: lock
+  cancel-in-progress: true
 jobs:
   lock:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      issues: write
+      pull-requests: write
+      discussions: write
     steps:
-      - uses: dessant/lock-threads@1bf7ec25051fe7c00bdd17e6a7cf3d7bfb7dc771 # v5.0.1
+      - uses: dessant/lock-threads@7266a7ce5c1df01b1c6db85bf8cd86c737dadbe7 # v6.0.0
         with:
           issue-inactive-days: 14
           pr-inactive-days: 14

.github/workflows/pre-commit.yaml

@@ -3,23 +3,27 @@ on:
   pull_request:
   push:
     branches: [main, stable]
+permissions: {}
+concurrency:
+  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.event.pull_request.number || github.ref }}
+  cancel-in-progress: true
 jobs:
   main:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
-      - uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@d9e0f98d3fc6adb07d1e3d37f3043649ddad06a1 # v6.5.0
+      - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+      - uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@cec208311dfd045dd5311c1add060b2062131d57 # v8.0.0
         with:
           enable-cache: true
           prune-cache: false
-      - uses: actions/setup-python@a26af69be951a213d495a4c3e4e4022e16d87065 # v5.6.0
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@a309ff8b426b58ec0e2a45f0f869d46889d02405 # v6.2.0
         id: setup-python
         with:
           python-version-file: pyproject.toml
-      - uses: actions/cache@0400d5f644dc74513175e3cd8d07132dd4860809 # v4.2.4
+      - uses: actions/cache@668228422ae6a00e4ad889ee87cd7109ec5666a7 # v5.0.4
         with:
           path: ~/.cache/pre-commit
           key: pre-commit|${{ hashFiles('pyproject.toml', '.pre-commit-config.yaml') }}
-      - run: uv run --locked --group pre-commit pre-commit run --show-diff-on-failure --color=always --all-files
-      - uses: pre-commit-ci/lite-action@5d6cc0eb514c891a40562a58a8e71576c5c7fb43 # v1.1.0
-        if: ${{ !cancelled() }}
+      - run: uv run --locked --no-default-groups --group pre-commit pre-commit run --show-diff-on-failure --color=always --all-files

.github/workflows/publish.yaml

@@ -2,25 +2,29 @@ name: Publish
 on:
   push:
     tags: ['*']
+permissions: {}
+concurrency:
+  group: publish-${{ github.event.push.ref }}
+  cancel-in-progress: true
 jobs:
   build:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     outputs:
       artifact-id: ${{ steps.upload-artifact.outputs.artifact-id }}
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
+      - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
         with:
           persist-credentials: false
-      - uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@d9e0f98d3fc6adb07d1e3d37f3043649ddad06a1 # v6.5.0
+      - uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@cec208311dfd045dd5311c1add060b2062131d57 # v8.0.0
         with:
-          enable-cache: true
+          enable-cache: false
           prune-cache: false
-      - uses: actions/setup-python@a26af69be951a213d495a4c3e4e4022e16d87065 # v5.6.0
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@a309ff8b426b58ec0e2a45f0f869d46889d02405 # v6.2.0
         with:
           python-version-file: pyproject.toml
       - run: echo "SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH=$(git log -1 --pretty=%ct)" >> $GITHUB_ENV
       - run: uv build
-      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@ea165f8d65b6e75b540449e92b4886f43607fa02 # v4.6.2
+      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@bbbca2ddaa5d8feaa63e36b76fdaad77386f024f # v7.0.0
         id: upload-artifact
         with:
           name: dist
@@ -32,12 +36,12 @@ jobs:
     permissions:
       contents: write
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/download-artifact@634f93cb2916e3fdff6788551b99b062d0335ce0 # v5.0.0
+      - uses: actions/download-artifact@3e5f45b2cfb9172054b4087a40e8e0b5a5461e7c # v8.0.1
         with:
           artifact-ids: ${{ needs.build.outputs.artifact-id }}
           path: dist/
       - name: create release
-        run: gh release create --draft --repo ${{ github.repository }} ${{ github.ref_name }} dist/*
+        run: gh release create --draft --repo ${GITHUB_REPOSITORY} ${GITHUB_REF_NAME} dist/*
         env:
           GH_TOKEN: ${{ github.token }}
   publish-pypi:
@@ -49,10 +53,10 @@ jobs:
     permissions:
       id-token: write
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/download-artifact@634f93cb2916e3fdff6788551b99b062d0335ce0 # v5.0.0
+      - uses: actions/download-artifact@3e5f45b2cfb9172054b4087a40e8e0b5a5461e7c # v8.0.1
         with:
           artifact-ids: ${{ needs.build.outputs.artifact-id }}
           path: dist/
-      - uses: pypa/gh-action-pypi-publish@76f52bc884231f62b9a034ebfe128415bbaabdfc # v1.12.4
+      - uses: pypa/gh-action-pypi-publish@ed0c53931b1dc9bd32cbe73a98c7f6766f8a527e # v1.13.0
         with:
           packages-dir: "dist/"

.github/workflows/tests.yaml

@@ -5,6 +5,10 @@ on:
   push:
     branches: [main, stable]
     paths-ignore: ['docs/**', 'README.md']
+permissions: {}
+concurrency:
+  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.event.pull_request.number || github.ref }}
+  cancel-in-progress: true
 jobs:
   tests:
     name: ${{ matrix.name || matrix.python }}
@@ -13,40 +17,47 @@ jobs:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
         include:
+          - {python: '3.14'}
+          - {python: '3.14t'}
+          - {name: Windows, python: '3.14', os: windows-latest}
+          - {name: Mac, python: '3.14', os: macos-latest}
           - {python: '3.13'}
-          - {name: Windows, python: '3.13', os: windows-latest}
-          - {name: Mac, python: '3.13', os: macos-latest}
           - {python: '3.12'}
           - {python: '3.11'}
           - {python: '3.10'}
-          - {python: '3.9'}
           - {name: PyPy, python: 'pypy-3.11', tox: pypy3.11}
-          - {name: Minimum Versions, python: '3.13', tox: tests-min}
+          - {name: Minimum Versions, python: '3.14', tox: tests-min}
           - {name: Development Versions, python: '3.10', tox: tests-dev}
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
-      - uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@d9e0f98d3fc6adb07d1e3d37f3043649ddad06a1 # v6.5.0
+      - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+      - uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@cec208311dfd045dd5311c1add060b2062131d57 # v8.0.0
         with:
           enable-cache: true
           prune-cache: false
-      - uses: actions/setup-python@a26af69be951a213d495a4c3e4e4022e16d87065 # v5.6.0
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@a309ff8b426b58ec0e2a45f0f869d46889d02405 # v6.2.0
         with:
           python-version: ${{ matrix.python }}
-      - run: uv run --locked tox run -e ${{ matrix.tox || format('py{0}', matrix.python) }}
+      - run: uv run --locked --no-default-groups --group dev tox run
+        env:
+          TOX_ENV: ${{ matrix.tox || format('py{0}', matrix.python) }}
   typing:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
-      - uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@d9e0f98d3fc6adb07d1e3d37f3043649ddad06a1 # v6.5.0
+      - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+      - uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@cec208311dfd045dd5311c1add060b2062131d57 # v8.0.0
         with:
           enable-cache: true
           prune-cache: false
-      - uses: actions/setup-python@a26af69be951a213d495a4c3e4e4022e16d87065 # v5.6.0
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@a309ff8b426b58ec0e2a45f0f869d46889d02405 # v6.2.0
         with:
           python-version-file: pyproject.toml
       - name: cache mypy
-        uses: actions/cache@0400d5f644dc74513175e3cd8d07132dd4860809 # v4.2.4
+        uses: actions/cache@668228422ae6a00e4ad889ee87cd7109ec5666a7 # v5.0.4
         with:
           path: ./.mypy_cache
           key: mypy|${{ hashFiles('pyproject.toml') }}
-      - run: uv run --locked tox run -e typing
+      - run: uv run --locked --no-default-groups --group dev tox run -e typing

.github/workflows/zizmor.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+name: GitHub Actions security analysis with zizmor
+on:
+  pull_request:
+    paths: ["**/*.yaml?"]
+  push:
+    branches: [main, stable]
+    paths: ["**/*.yaml?"]
+permissions: {}
+concurrency:
+  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.event.pull_request.number || github.ref }}
+  cancel-in-progress: true
+jobs:
+  zizmor:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+      - uses: zizmorcore/zizmor-action@71321a20a9ded102f6e9ce5718a2fcec2c4f70d8 # v0.5.2
+        with:
+          advanced-security: false
+          annotations: true

.pre-commit-config.yaml

@@ -1,13 +1,18 @@
 repos:
   - repo: https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit
-    rev: 54a455f7ce629598b7535ff828fd5fb796f4b83f  # frozen: v0.12.9
+    rev: 5e2fb545eba1ea9dc051f6f962d52fe8f76a9794  # frozen: v0.15.13
     hooks:
-      - id: ruff
+      - id: ruff-check
       - id: ruff-format
   - repo: https://github.com/astral-sh/uv-pre-commit
-    rev: f9572a6b06237978e1d52fad0ae55bac5e36da26  # frozen: 0.8.12
+    rev: fa60a193803535a9e2accdb3ca4b1b584b1150cb  # frozen: 0.11.15
     hooks:
       - id: uv-lock
+  - repo: https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell
+    rev: 2ccb47ff45ad361a21071a7eedda4c37e6ae8c5a  # frozen: v2.4.2
+    hooks:
+      - id: codespell
+        args: ['--write-changes']
   - repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/pre-commit-hooks
     rev: 3e8a8703264a2f4a69428a0aa4dcb512790b2c8c  # frozen: v6.0.0
     hooks:

CHANGES.rst

@@ -1,3 +1,44 @@
+Version 3.2.0
+-------------
+
+Unreleased
+
+-   Drop support for Python 3.9. :pr:`5730`
+-   Remove previously deprecated code: ``__version__``. :pr:`5648`
+-   ``RequestContext`` has merged with ``AppContext``. ``RequestContext`` is now
+    a deprecated alias. If an app context is already pushed, it is not reused
+    when dispatching a request. This greatly simplifies the internal code for tracking
+    the active context. :issue:`5639`
+-   Many ``Flask`` methods involved in request dispatch now take the current
+    ``AppContext`` as the first parameter, instead of using the proxy objects.
+    If subclasses were overriding these methods, the old signature is detected,
+    shows a deprecation warning, and will continue to work during the
+    deprecation period. :issue:`5815`
+-   All teardown callbacks are called, even if any raise an error. :pr:`5928`
+-   The ``should_ignore_error`` is deprecated. Handle errors as needed in
+    teardown handlers instead. :issue:`5816`
+-   ``template_filter``, ``template_test``, and ``template_global`` decorators
+    can be used without parentheses. :issue:`5729`
+-   ``redirect`` returns a ``303`` status code by default instead of ``302``.
+    This tells the client to always switch to ``GET``, rather than only
+    switching ``POST`` to ``GET``. This preserves the current behavior of
+    ``GET`` and ``POST`` redirects, and is also correct for frontend libraries
+    such as HTMX. :issue:`5895`
+-   ``provide_automatic_options=True`` can be used to enable it for a view when
+    it's disabled in config. Previously, only disabling worked. :issue:`5916`
+-   ``Flask.select_jinja_autoescape`` uses case-insensitive comparison instead
+    of only lower case file extensions. :pr:`6012`
+
+
+Version 3.1.3
+-------------
+
+Released 2026-02-18
+
+-   The session is marked as accessed for operations that only access the keys
+    but not the values, such as ``in`` and ``len``. :ghsa:`68rp-wp8r-4726`
+
+
 Version 3.1.2
 -------------
 

docs/api.rst

@@ -31,17 +31,15 @@ Incoming Request Data
     :inherited-members:
     :exclude-members: json_module
 
-.. attribute:: request
+.. data:: request
 
-   To access incoming request data, you can use the global `request`
-   object. Flask parses incoming request data for you and gives you
-   access to it through that global object. Internally Flask makes
-   sure that you always get the correct data for the active thread if you
-   are in a multithreaded environment.
+    A proxy to the request data for the current request, an instance of
+    :class:`.Request`.
 
-   This is a proxy. See :ref:`notes-on-proxies` for more information.
+    This is only available when a :doc:`request context </appcontext>` is
+    active.
 
-   The request object is an instance of a :class:`~flask.Request`.
+    This is a proxy. See :ref:`context-visibility` for more information.
 
 
 Response Objects
@@ -62,40 +60,33 @@ does this is by using a signed cookie. The user can look at the session
 contents, but can't modify it unless they know the secret key, so make sure to
 set that to something complex and unguessable.
 
-To access the current session you can use the :class:`session` object:
+To access the current session you can use the :data:`.session` proxy.
 
-.. class:: session
+.. data:: session
 
-   The session object works pretty much like an ordinary dict, with the
-   difference that it keeps track of modifications.
+    A proxy to the session data for the current request, an instance of
+    :class:`.SessionMixin`.
 
-   This is a proxy. See :ref:`notes-on-proxies` for more information.
+    This is only available when a :doc:`request context </appcontext>` is
+    active.
 
-   The following attributes are interesting:
+    This is a proxy. See :ref:`context-visibility` for more information.
 
-   .. attribute:: new
+    The session object works like a dict but tracks assignment and access to its
+    keys. It cannot track modifications to mutable values, you need to set
+    :attr:`~.SessionMixin.modified` manually when modifying a list, dict, etc.
 
-      ``True`` if the session is new, ``False`` otherwise.
+    .. code-block:: python
 
-   .. attribute:: modified
-
-      ``True`` if the session object detected a modification. Be advised
-      that modifications on mutable structures are not picked up
-      automatically, in that situation you have to explicitly set the
-      attribute to ``True`` yourself. Here an example::
-
-          # this change is not picked up because a mutable object (here
-          # a list) is changed.
-          session['objects'].append(42)
+          # appending to a list is not detected
+          session["numbers"].append(42)
           # so mark it as modified yourself
           session.modified = True
 
-   .. attribute:: permanent
-
-      If set to ``True`` the session lives for
-      :attr:`~flask.Flask.permanent_session_lifetime` seconds. The
-      default is 31 days. If set to ``False`` (which is the default) the
-      session will be deleted when the user closes the browser.
+    The session is persisted across requests using a cookie. By default the
+    users's browser will clear the cookie when it is closed. Set
+    :attr:`~.SessionMixin.permanent` to ``True`` to persist the cookie for
+    :data:`PERMANENT_SESSION_LIFETIME`.
 
 
 Session Interface
@@ -158,20 +149,21 @@ another, a global variable is not good enough because it would break in
 threaded environments. Flask provides you with a special object that
 ensures it is only valid for the active request and that will return
 different values for each request. In a nutshell: it does the right
-thing, like it does for :class:`request` and :class:`session`.
+thing, like it does for :data:`.request` and :data:`.session`.
 
 .. data:: g
 
-    A namespace object that can store data during an
-    :doc:`application context </appcontext>`. This is an instance of
-    :attr:`Flask.app_ctx_globals_class`, which defaults to
-    :class:`ctx._AppCtxGlobals`.
+    A proxy to a namespace object used to store data during a single request or
+    app context. An instance of :attr:`.Flask.app_ctx_globals_class`, which
+    defaults to :class:`._AppCtxGlobals`.
 
-    This is a good place to store resources during a request. For
-    example, a ``before_request`` function could load a user object from
-    a session id, then set ``g.user`` to be used in the view function.
+    This is a good place to store resources during a request. For example, a
+    :meth:`~.Flask.before_request` function could load a user object from a
+    session id, then set ``g.user`` to be used in the view function.
 
-    This is a proxy. See :ref:`notes-on-proxies` for more information.
+    This is only available when an :doc:`app context </appcontext>` is active.
+
+    This is a proxy. See :ref:`context-visibility` for more information.
 
     .. versionchanged:: 0.10
         Bound to the application context instead of the request context.
@@ -185,17 +177,16 @@ Useful Functions and Classes
 
 .. data:: current_app
 
-    A proxy to the application handling the current request. This is
-    useful to access the application without needing to import it, or if
-    it can't be imported, such as when using the application factory
-    pattern or in blueprints and extensions.
+    A proxy to the :class:`.Flask` application handling the current request or
+    other activity.
 
-    This is only available when an
-    :doc:`application context </appcontext>` is pushed. This happens
-    automatically during requests and CLI commands. It can be controlled
-    manually with :meth:`~flask.Flask.app_context`.
+    This is useful to access the application without needing to import it, or if
+    it can't be imported, such as when using the application factory pattern or
+    in blueprints and extensions.
 
-    This is a proxy. See :ref:`notes-on-proxies` for more information.
+    This is only available when an :doc:`app context </appcontext>` is active.
+
+    This is a proxy. See :ref:`context-visibility` for more information.
 
 .. autofunction:: has_request_context
 
@@ -299,31 +290,31 @@ Stream Helpers
 Useful Internals
 ----------------
 
-.. autoclass:: flask.ctx.RequestContext
-   :members:
-
-.. data:: flask.globals.request_ctx
-
-    The current :class:`~flask.ctx.RequestContext`. If a request context
-    is not active, accessing attributes on this proxy will raise a
-    ``RuntimeError``.
-
-    This is an internal object that is essential to how Flask handles
-    requests. Accessing this should not be needed in most cases. Most
-    likely you want :data:`request` and :data:`session` instead.
-
 .. autoclass:: flask.ctx.AppContext
    :members:
 
 .. data:: flask.globals.app_ctx
 
-    The current :class:`~flask.ctx.AppContext`. If an app context is not
-    active, accessing attributes on this proxy will raise a
-    ``RuntimeError``.
+    A proxy to the active :class:`.AppContext`.
 
-    This is an internal object that is essential to how Flask handles
-    requests. Accessing this should not be needed in most cases. Most
-    likely you want :data:`current_app` and :data:`g` instead.
+    This is an internal object that is essential to how Flask handles requests.
+    Accessing this should not be needed in most cases. Most likely you want
+    :data:`.current_app`, :data:`.g`, :data:`.request`, and :data:`.session` instead.
+
+    This is only available when a :doc:`request context </appcontext>` is
+    active.
+
+    This is a proxy. See :ref:`context-visibility` for more information.
+
+.. class:: flask.ctx.RequestContext
+
+    .. deprecated:: 3.2
+        Merged with :class:`AppContext`. This alias will be removed in Flask 4.0.
+
+.. data:: flask.globals.request_ctx
+
+    .. deprecated:: 3.2
+        Merged with :data:`.app_ctx`. This alias will be removed in Flask 4.0.
 
 .. autoclass:: flask.blueprints.BlueprintSetupState
    :members:
@@ -605,7 +596,7 @@ This specifies that ``/users/`` will be the URL for page one and
 ``/users/page/N`` will be the URL for page ``N``.
 
 If a URL contains a default value, it will be redirected to its simpler
-form with a 301 redirect. In the above example, ``/users/page/1`` will
+form with a 308 redirect. In the above example, ``/users/page/1`` will
 be redirected to ``/users/``. If your route handles ``GET`` and ``POST``
 requests, make sure the default route only handles ``GET``, as redirects
 can't preserve form data. ::

docs/appcontext.rst

@@ -1,74 +1,63 @@
-.. currentmodule:: flask
+The App and Request Context
+===========================
 
-The Application Context
-=======================
+The context keeps track of data and objects during a request, CLI command, or
+other activity. Rather than passing this data around to every function, the
+:data:`.current_app`, :data:`.g`, :data:`.request`, and :data:`.session` proxies
+are accessed instead.
 
-The application context keeps track of the application-level data during
-a request, CLI command, or other activity. Rather than passing the
-application around to each function, the :data:`current_app` and
-:data:`g` proxies are accessed instead.
+When handling a request, the context is referred to as the "request context"
+because it contains request data in addition to application data. Otherwise,
+such as during a CLI command, it is referred to as the "app context". During an
+app context, :data:`.current_app` and :data:`.g` are available, while during a
+request context :data:`.request` and :data:`.session` are also available.
 
-This is similar to :doc:`/reqcontext`, which keeps track of
-request-level data during a request. A corresponding application context
-is pushed when a request context is pushed.
 
 Purpose of the Context
 ----------------------
 
-The :class:`Flask` application object has attributes, such as
-:attr:`~Flask.config`, that are useful to access within views and
-:doc:`CLI commands </cli>`. However, importing the ``app`` instance
-within the modules in your project is prone to circular import issues.
-When using the :doc:`app factory pattern </patterns/appfactories>` or
-writing reusable :doc:`blueprints </blueprints>` or
-:doc:`extensions </extensions>` there won't be an ``app`` instance to
-import at all.
+The context and proxies help solve two development issues: circular imports, and
+passing around global data during a request.
 
-Flask solves this issue with the *application context*. Rather than
-referring to an ``app`` directly, you use the :data:`current_app`
-proxy, which points to the application handling the current activity.
+The :class:`.Flask` application object has attributes, such as
+:attr:`~.Flask.config`, that are useful to access within views and other
+functions. However, importing the ``app`` instance within the modules in your
+project is prone to circular import issues. When using the
+:doc:`app factory pattern </patterns/appfactories>` or writing reusable
+:doc:`blueprints </blueprints>` or :doc:`extensions </extensions>` there won't
+be an ``app`` instance to import at all.
 
-Flask automatically *pushes* an application context when handling a
-request. View functions, error handlers, and other functions that run
-during a request will have access to :data:`current_app`.
+When the application handles a request, it creates a :class:`.Request` object.
+Because a *worker* handles only one request at a time, the request data can be
+considered global to that worker during that request. Passing it as an argument
+through every function during the request becomes verbose and redundant.
 
-Flask will also automatically push an app context when running CLI
-commands registered with :attr:`Flask.cli` using ``@app.cli.command()``.
+Flask solves these issues with the *active context* pattern. Rather than
+importing an ``app`` directly, or having to pass it and the request through to
+every single function, you import and access the proxies, which point to the
+currently active application and request data. This is sometimes referred to
+as "context local" data.
 
 
-Lifetime of the Context
------------------------
+Context During Setup
+--------------------
 
-The application context is created and destroyed as necessary. When a
-Flask application begins handling a request, it pushes an application
-context and a :doc:`request context </reqcontext>`. When the request
-ends it pops the request context then the application context.
-Typically, an application context will have the same lifetime as a
-request.
-
-See :doc:`/reqcontext` for more information about how the contexts work
-and the full life cycle of a request.
-
-
-Manually Push a Context
------------------------
-
-If you try to access :data:`current_app`, or anything that uses it,
-outside an application context, you'll get this error message:
+If you try to access :data:`.current_app`, :data:`.g`, or anything that uses it,
+outside an app context, you'll get this error message:
 
 .. code-block:: pytb
 
     RuntimeError: Working outside of application context.
 
-    This typically means that you attempted to use functionality that
-    needed to interface with the current application object in some way.
-    To solve this, set up an application context with app.app_context().
+    Attempted to use functionality that expected a current application to be
+    set. To solve this, set up an app context using 'with app.app_context()'.
+    See the documentation on app context for more information.
 
 If you see that error while configuring your application, such as when
-initializing an extension, you can push a context manually since you
-have direct access to the ``app``. Use :meth:`~Flask.app_context` in a
-``with`` block, and everything that runs in the block will have access
-to :data:`current_app`. ::
+initializing an extension, you can push a context manually since you have direct
+access to the ``app``. Use :meth:`.Flask.app_context` in a ``with`` block.
+
+.. code-block:: python
 
     def create_app():
         app = Flask(__name__)
@@ -78,70 +67,121 @@ to :data:`current_app`. ::
 
         return app
 
-If you see that error somewhere else in your code not related to
-configuring the application, it most likely indicates that you should
-move that code into a view function or CLI command.
+If you see that error somewhere else in your code not related to setting up the
+application, it most likely indicates that you should move that code into a view
+function or CLI command.
 
 
-Storing Data
-------------
+Context During Testing
+----------------------
 
-The application context is a good place to store common data during a
-request or CLI command. Flask provides the :data:`g object <g>` for this
-purpose. It is a simple namespace object that has the same lifetime as
-an application context.
+See :doc:`/testing` for detailed information about managing the context during
+tests.
 
-.. note::
-    The ``g`` name stands for "global", but that is referring to the
-    data being global *within a context*. The data on ``g`` is lost
-    after the context ends, and it is not an appropriate place to store
-    data between requests. Use the :data:`session` or a database to
-    store data across requests.
+If you try to access :data:`.request`, :data:`.session`, or anything that uses
+it, outside a request context, you'll get this error message:
 
-A common use for :data:`g` is to manage resources during a request.
+.. code-block:: pytb
 
-1.  ``get_X()`` creates resource ``X`` if it does not exist, caching it
-    as ``g.X``.
-2.  ``teardown_X()`` closes or otherwise deallocates the resource if it
-    exists. It is registered as a :meth:`~Flask.teardown_appcontext`
-    handler.
+    RuntimeError: Working outside of request context.
 
-For example, you can manage a database connection using this pattern::
+    Attempted to use functionality that expected an active HTTP request. See the
+    documentation on request context for more information.
 
-    from flask import g
+This will probably only happen during tests. If you see that error somewhere
+else in your code not related to testing, it most likely indicates that you
+should move that code into a view function.
 
-    def get_db():
-        if 'db' not in g:
-            g.db = connect_to_database()
+The primary way to solve this is to use :meth:`.Flask.test_client` to simulate
+a full request.
 
-        return g.db
+If you only want to unit test one function, rather than a full request, use
+:meth:`.Flask.test_request_context` in a ``with`` block.
 
-    @app.teardown_appcontext
-    def teardown_db(exception):
-        db = g.pop('db', None)
+.. code-block:: python
 
-        if db is not None:
-            db.close()
+    def generate_report(year):
+        format = request.args.get("format")
+        ...
 
-During a request, every call to ``get_db()`` will return the same
-connection, and it will be closed automatically at the end of the
-request.
-
-You can use :class:`~werkzeug.local.LocalProxy` to make a new context
-local from ``get_db()``::
-
-    from werkzeug.local import LocalProxy
-    db = LocalProxy(get_db)
-
-Accessing ``db`` will call ``get_db`` internally, in the same way that
-:data:`current_app` works.
+    with app.test_request_context(
+        "/make_report/2017", query_string={"format": "short"}
+    ):
+        generate_report()
 
 
-Events and Signals
-------------------
+.. _context-visibility:
 
-The application will call functions registered with :meth:`~Flask.teardown_appcontext`
-when the application context is popped.
+Visibility of the Context
+-------------------------
 
-The following signals are sent: :data:`appcontext_pushed`,
-:data:`appcontext_tearing_down`, and :data:`appcontext_popped`.
+The context will have the same lifetime as an activity, such as a request, CLI
+command, or ``with`` block. Various callbacks and signals registered with the
+app will be run during the context.
+
+When a Flask application handles a request, it pushes a request context
+to set the active application and request data. When it handles a CLI command,
+it pushes an app context to set the active application. When the activity ends,
+it pops that context. Proxy objects like :data:`.request`, :data:`.session`,
+:data:`.g`, and :data:`.current_app`, are accessible while the context is pushed
+and active, and are not accessible after the context is popped.
+
+The context is unique to each thread (or other worker type). The proxies cannot
+be passed to another worker, which has a different context space and will not
+know about the active context in the parent's space.
+
+Besides being scoped to each worker, the proxy object has a separate type and
+identity than the proxied real object. In some cases you'll need access to the
+real object, rather than the proxy. Use the
+:meth:`~.LocalProxy._get_current_object` method in those cases.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    app = current_app._get_current_object()
+    my_signal.send(app)
+
+
+Lifecycle of the Context
+------------------------
+
+Flask dispatches a request in multiple stages which can affect the request,
+response, and how errors are handled. See :doc:`/lifecycle` for a list of all
+the steps, callbacks, and signals during each request. The following are the
+steps directly related to the context.
+
+-   The app context is pushed, the proxies are available.
+-   The :data:`.appcontext_pushed` signal is sent.
+-   The request is dispatched.
+-   Any :meth:`.Flask.teardown_request` decorated functions are called.
+-   The :data:`.request_tearing_down` signal is sent.
+-   Any :meth:`.Flask.teardown_appcontext` decorated functions are called.
+-   The :data:`.appcontext_tearing_down` signal is sent.
+-   The app context is popped, the proxies are no longer available.
+-   The :data:`.appcontext_popped` signal is sent.
+
+The teardown callbacks are called by the context when it is popped. They are
+called even if there is an unhandled exception during dispatch. They may be
+called multiple times in some test scenarios. This means there is no guarantee
+that any other parts of the request dispatch have run. Be sure to write these
+functions in a way that does not depend on other callbacks. All callbacks are
+called even if any raise an error.
+
+
+How the Context Works
+---------------------
+
+Context locals are implemented using Python's :mod:`contextvars` and Werkzeug's
+:class:`~werkzeug.local.LocalProxy`. Python's contextvars are a low level
+structure to manage data local to a thread or coroutine. ``LocalProxy`` wraps
+the contextvar so that access to any attributes and methods is forwarded to the
+object stored in the contextvar.
+
+The context is tracked like a stack, with the active context at the top of the
+stack. Flask manages pushing and popping contexts during requests, CLI commands,
+testing, ``with`` blocks, etc. The proxies access attributes on the active
+context.
+
+Because it is a stack, other contexts may be pushed to change the proxies during
+an already active context. This is not a common pattern, but can be used in
+advanced use cases. For example, a Flask application can be used as WSGI
+middleware, calling another wrapped Flask app from a view.

docs/async-await.rst

@@ -23,12 +23,6 @@ method in views that inherit from the :class:`flask.views.View` class, as
 well as all the HTTP method handlers in views that inherit from the
 :class:`flask.views.MethodView` class.
 
-.. admonition:: Using ``async`` with greenlet
-
-    When using gevent or eventlet to serve an application or patch the
-    runtime, greenlet>=1.0 is required. When using PyPy, PyPy>=7.3.7 is
-    required.
-
 
 Performance
 -----------
@@ -78,15 +72,15 @@ Flask based on the `ASGI`_ standard instead of WSGI. This allows it to
 handle many concurrent requests, long running requests, and websockets
 without requiring multiple worker processes or threads.
 
-It has also already been possible to run Flask with Gevent or Eventlet
-to get many of the benefits of async request handling. These libraries
-patch low-level Python functions to accomplish this, whereas ``async``/
-``await`` and ASGI use standard, modern Python capabilities. Deciding
-whether you should use Flask, Quart, or something else is ultimately up
-to understanding the specific needs of your project.
+It has also already been possible to :doc:`run Flask with Gevent </gevent>` to
+get many of the benefits of async request handling. Gevent patches low-level
+Python functions to accomplish this, whereas ``async``/``await`` and ASGI use
+standard, modern Python capabilities. Deciding whether you should use gevent
+with Flask, or Quart, or something else is ultimately up to understanding the
+specific needs of your project.
 
-.. _Quart: https://github.com/pallets/quart
-.. _ASGI: https://asgi.readthedocs.io/en/latest/
+.. _Quart: https://quart.palletsprojects.com
+.. _ASGI: https://asgi.readthedocs.io
 
 
 Extensions
@@ -120,6 +114,6 @@ implemented async support, or make a feature request or PR to them.
 Other event loops
 -----------------
 
-At the moment Flask only supports :mod:`asyncio`. It's possible to
-override :meth:`flask.Flask.ensure_sync` to change how async functions
-are wrapped to use a different library.
+At the moment Flask only supports :mod:`asyncio`. It's possible to override
+:meth:`flask.Flask.ensure_sync` to change how async functions are wrapped to use
+a different library. See :ref:`gevent-asyncio` for an example.

docs/config.rst

@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ The following configuration values are used internally by Flask:
 
 .. py:data:: TESTING
 
-    Enable testing mode. Exceptions are propagated rather than handled by the
+    Enable testing mode. Exceptions are propagated rather than handled by
     the app's error handlers. Extensions may also change their behavior to
     facilitate easier testing. You should enable this in your own tests.
 
@@ -445,7 +445,7 @@ The following configuration values are used internally by Flask:
 .. versionchanged:: 2.3
     ``ENV`` was removed.
 
-.. versionadded:: 3.10
+.. versionadded:: 3.1
     Added :data:`PROVIDE_AUTOMATIC_OPTIONS` to control the default
     addition of autogenerated OPTIONS responses.
 

docs/deploying/eventlet.rst

@@ -1,80 +1,8 @@
+:orphan:
+
 eventlet
 ========
 
-Prefer using :doc:`gunicorn` with eventlet workers rather than using
-`eventlet`_ directly. Gunicorn provides a much more configurable and
-production-tested server.
+`Eventlet is no longer maintained.`__ Use :doc:`/deploying/gevent` instead.
 
-`eventlet`_ allows writing asynchronous, coroutine-based code that looks
-like standard synchronous Python. It uses `greenlet`_ to enable task
-switching without writing ``async/await`` or using ``asyncio``.
-
-:doc:`gevent` is another library that does the same thing. Certain
-dependencies you have, or other considerations, may affect which of the
-two you choose to use.
-
-eventlet provides a WSGI server that can handle many connections at once
-instead of one per worker process. You must actually use eventlet in
-your own code to see any benefit to using the server.
-
-.. _eventlet: https://eventlet.net/
-.. _greenlet: https://greenlet.readthedocs.io/en/latest/
-
-
-Installing
-----------
-
-When using eventlet, greenlet>=1.0 is required, otherwise context locals
-such as ``request`` will not work as expected. When using PyPy,
-PyPy>=7.3.7 is required.
-
-Create a virtualenv, install your application, then install
-``eventlet``.
-
-.. code-block:: text
-
-    $ cd hello-app
-    $ python -m venv .venv
-    $ . .venv/bin/activate
-    $ pip install .  # install your application
-    $ pip install eventlet
-
-
-Running
--------
-
-To use eventlet to serve your application, write a script that imports
-its ``wsgi.server``, as well as your app or app factory.
-
-.. code-block:: python
-    :caption: ``wsgi.py``
-
-    import eventlet
-    from eventlet import wsgi
-    from hello import create_app
-
-    app = create_app()
-    wsgi.server(eventlet.listen(("127.0.0.1", 8000)), app)
-
-.. code-block:: text
-
-    $ python wsgi.py
-    (x) wsgi starting up on http://127.0.0.1:8000
-
-
-Binding Externally
-------------------
-
-eventlet should not be run as root because it would cause your
-application code to run as root, which is not secure. However, this
-means it will not be possible to bind to port 80 or 443. Instead, a
-reverse proxy such as :doc:`nginx` or :doc:`apache-httpd` should be used
-in front of eventlet.
-
-You can bind to all external IPs on a non-privileged port by using
-``0.0.0.0`` in the server arguments shown in the previous section.
-Don't do this when using a reverse proxy setup, otherwise it will be
-possible to bypass the proxy.
-
-``0.0.0.0`` is not a valid address to navigate to, you'd use a specific
-IP address in your browser.
+__ https://eventlet.readthedocs.io

docs/deploying/gevent.rst

@@ -7,15 +7,12 @@ configurable and production-tested servers.
 
 `gevent`_ allows writing asynchronous, coroutine-based code that looks
 like standard synchronous Python. It uses `greenlet`_ to enable task
-switching without writing ``async/await`` or using ``asyncio``.
-
-:doc:`eventlet` is another library that does the same thing. Certain
-dependencies you have, or other considerations, may affect which of the
-two you choose to use.
+switching without writing ``async/await`` or using ``asyncio``. This is
+not the same as Python's ``async/await``, or the ASGI server spec.
 
 gevent provides a WSGI server that can handle many connections at once
-instead of one per worker process. You must actually use gevent in your
-own code to see any benefit to using the server.
+instead of one per worker process. See :doc:`/gevent` for more
+information about enabling it in your application.
 
 .. _gevent: https://www.gevent.org/
 .. _greenlet: https://greenlet.readthedocs.io/en/latest/
@@ -24,8 +21,7 @@ own code to see any benefit to using the server.
 Installing
 ----------
 
-When using gevent, greenlet>=1.0 is required, otherwise context locals
-such as ``request`` will not work as expected. When using PyPy,
+When using gevent, greenlet>=1.0 is required. When using PyPy,
 PyPy>=7.3.7 is required.
 
 Create a virtualenv, install your application, then install ``gevent``.

docs/deploying/gunicorn.rst

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ multiple worker implementations for performance tuning.
 *   It does not support Windows (but does run on WSL).
 *   It is easy to install as it does not require additional dependencies
     or compilation.
-*   It has built-in async worker support using gevent or eventlet.
+*   It has built-in async worker support using gevent.
 
 This page outlines the basics of running Gunicorn. Be sure to read its
 `documentation`_ and use ``gunicorn --help`` to understand what features
@@ -93,20 +93,19 @@ otherwise it will be possible to bypass the proxy.
 IP address in your browser.
 
 
-Async with gevent or eventlet
------------------------------
+Async with gevent
+-----------------
 
-The default sync worker is appropriate for many use cases. If you need
-asynchronous support, Gunicorn provides workers using either `gevent`_
-or `eventlet`_. This is not the same as Python's ``async/await``, or the
-ASGI server spec. You must actually use gevent/eventlet in your own code
-to see any benefit to using the workers.
+The default sync worker is appropriate for most use cases. If you need numerous,
+long running, concurrent connections, Gunicorn provides an asynchronous worker
+using `gevent`_. This is not the same as Python's ``async/await``, or the ASGI
+server spec. See :doc:`/gevent` for more information about enabling it in your
+application.
 
-When using either gevent or eventlet, greenlet>=1.0 is required,
-otherwise context locals such as ``request`` will not work as expected.
-When using PyPy, PyPy>=7.3.7 is required.
+.. _gevent: https://www.gevent.org/
 
-To use gevent:
+When using gevent, greenlet>=1.0 is required. When using PyPy, PyPy>=7.3.7 is
+required.
 
 .. code-block:: text
 
@@ -115,16 +114,3 @@ To use gevent:
     Listening at: http://127.0.0.1:8000 (x)
     Using worker: gevent
     Booting worker with pid: x
-
-To use eventlet:
-
-.. code-block:: text
-
-    $ gunicorn -k eventlet 'hello:create_app()'
-    Starting gunicorn 20.1.0
-    Listening at: http://127.0.0.1:8000 (x)
-    Using worker: eventlet
-    Booting worker with pid: x
-
-.. _gevent: https://www.gevent.org/
-.. _eventlet: https://eventlet.net/

docs/deploying/index.rst

@@ -36,7 +36,6 @@ discusses platforms that can manage this for you.
     mod_wsgi
     uwsgi
     gevent
-    eventlet
     asgi
 
 WSGI servers have HTTP servers built-in. However, a dedicated HTTP

docs/deploying/uwsgi.rst

@@ -119,15 +119,16 @@ IP address in your browser.
 Async with gevent
 -----------------
 
-The default sync worker is appropriate for many use cases. If you need
-asynchronous support, uWSGI provides a `gevent`_ worker. This is not the
-same as Python's ``async/await``, or the ASGI server spec. You must
-actually use gevent in your own code to see any benefit to using the
-worker.
+The default sync worker is appropriate for most use cases. If you need numerous,
+long running, concurrent connections, uWSGI provides an asynchronous worker
+using `gevent`_. This is not the same as Python's ``async/await``, or the ASGI
+server spec. See :doc:`/gevent` for more information about enabling it in your
+application.
 
-When using gevent, greenlet>=1.0 is required, otherwise context locals
-such as ``request`` will not work as expected. When using PyPy,
-PyPy>=7.3.7 is required.
+.. _gevent: https://www.gevent.org/
+
+When using gevent, greenlet>=1.0 is required. When using PyPy, PyPy>=7.3.7 is
+required.
 
 .. code-block:: text
 
@@ -140,6 +141,3 @@ PyPy>=7.3.7 is required.
     spawned uWSGI worker 1 (pid: x, cores: 100)
     spawned uWSGI http 1 (pid: x)
     *** running gevent loop engine [addr:x] ***
-
-
-.. _gevent: https://www.gevent.org/

docs/design.rst

@@ -169,19 +169,20 @@ infrastructure, packages with dependencies are no longer an issue and
 there are very few reasons against having libraries that depend on others.
 
 
-Thread Locals
--------------
+Context Locals
+--------------
 
-Flask uses thread local objects (context local objects in fact, they
-support greenlet contexts as well) for request, session and an extra
-object you can put your own things on (:data:`~flask.g`).  Why is that and
-isn't that a bad idea?
+Flask uses special context locals and proxies to provide access to the
+current app and request data to any code running during a request, CLI command,
+etc. Context locals are specific to the worker handling the activity, such as a
+thread, process, coroutine, or greenlet.
 
-Yes it is usually not such a bright idea to use thread locals.  They cause
-troubles for servers that are not based on the concept of threads and make
-large applications harder to maintain.  However Flask is just not designed
-for large applications or asynchronous servers.  Flask wants to make it
-quick and easy to write a traditional web application.
+The context and proxies help solve two development issues: circular imports, and
+passing around global data. :data:`.current_app` can be used to access the
+application object without needing to import the app object directly, avoiding
+circular import issues. :data:`.request`, :data:`.session`, and :data:`.g` can
+be imported to access the current data for the request, rather than needing to
+pass them as arguments through every single function in your project.
 
 
 Async/await and ASGI support

docs/extensiondev.rst

@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ application instance.
 It is important that the app is not stored on the extension, don't do
 ``self.app = app``. The only time the extension should have direct
 access to an app is during ``init_app``, otherwise it should use
-:data:`current_app`.
+:data:`.current_app`.
 
 This allows the extension to support the application factory pattern,
 avoids circular import issues when importing the extension instance
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ during an extension's ``init_app`` method.
 A common pattern is to use :meth:`~Flask.before_request` to initialize
 some data or a connection at the beginning of each request, then
 :meth:`~Flask.teardown_request` to clean it up at the end. This can be
-stored on :data:`g`, discussed more below.
+stored on :data:`.g`, discussed more below.
 
 A more lazy approach is to provide a method that initializes and caches
 the data or connection. For example, a ``ext.get_db`` method could
@@ -179,13 +179,12 @@ name as a prefix, or as a namespace.
     g._hello = SimpleNamespace()
     g._hello.user_id = 2
 
-The data in ``g`` lasts for an application context. An application
-context is active when a request context is, or when a CLI command is
-run. If you're storing something that should be closed, use
-:meth:`~flask.Flask.teardown_appcontext` to ensure that it gets closed
-when the application context ends. If it should only be valid during a
-request, or would not be used in the CLI outside a request, use
-:meth:`~flask.Flask.teardown_request`.
+The data in ``g`` lasts for an application context. An application context is
+active during a request, CLI command, or ``with app.app_context()`` block. If
+you're storing something that should be closed, use
+:meth:`~flask.Flask.teardown_appcontext` to ensure that it gets closed when the
+app context ends. If it should only be valid during a request, or would not be
+used in the CLI outside a request, use :meth:`~flask.Flask.teardown_request`.
 
 
 Views and Models
@@ -294,11 +293,13 @@ ecosystem remain consistent and compatible.
     indicate minimum compatibility support. For example,
     ``sqlalchemy>=1.4``.
 9.  Indicate the versions of Python supported using ``python_requires=">=version"``.
-    Flask itself supports Python >=3.9 as of October 2024, and this will update
-    over time.
+    Flask and Pallets policy is to support all Python versions that are not
+    within six months of end of life (EOL). See Python's `EOL calendar`_ for
+    timing.
 
 .. _PyPI: https://pypi.org/search/?c=Framework+%3A%3A+Flask
 .. _Discord Chat: https://discord.gg/pallets
 .. _GitHub Discussions: https://github.com/pallets/flask/discussions
 .. _Official Pallets Themes: https://pypi.org/project/Pallets-Sphinx-Themes/
 .. _Pallets-Eco: https://github.com/pallets-eco
+.. _EOL calendar: https://devguide.python.org/versions/

docs/gevent.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+Async with Gevent
+=================
+
+`Gevent`_ patches Python's standard library to run within special async workers
+called `greenlets`_. Gevent has existed since long before Python's native
+asyncio was available, and Flask has always worked with it.
+
+.. _gevent: https://www.gevent.org
+.. _greenlets: https://greenlet.readthedocs.io
+
+Gevent is a reliable way to handle numerous, long lived, concurrent connections,
+and to achieve similar capabilities to ASGI and asyncio. This works without
+needing to write ``async def`` or ``await`` anywhere, but relies on gevent and
+greenlet's low level manipulation of the Python interpreter.
+
+Deciding whether you should use gevent with Flask, or `Quart`_, or something
+else, is ultimately up to understanding the specific needs of your project.
+
+.. _quart: https://quart.palletsprojects.com
+
+
+Enabling gevent
+---------------
+
+You need to apply gevent's patching as early as possible in your code. This
+enables gevent's underlying event loop and converts many Python internals to run
+inside it. Add the following at the top of your project's module or top
+``__init__.py``:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    import gevent.monkey
+    gevent.monkey.patch_all()
+
+When deploying in production, use :doc:`/deploying/gunicorn` or
+:doc:`/deploying/uwsgi` with a gevent worker, as described on those pages.
+
+To run concurrent tasks within your own code, such as views, use
+|gevent.spawn|_:
+
+.. |gevent.spawn| replace:: ``gevent.spawn()``
+.. _gevent.spawn: https://www.gevent.org/api/gevent.html#gevent.spawn
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    @app.post("/send")
+    def send_email():
+        gevent.spawn(email.send, to="example@example.example", text="example")
+        return "Email is being sent."
+
+If you need to access :data:`request` or other Flask context globals within the
+spawned function, decorate the function with :func:`.stream_with_context` or
+:func:`.copy_current_request_context`. Prefer passing the exact data you need
+when spawning the function, rather than using the decorators.
+
+.. note::
+
+    When using gevent, greenlet>=1.0 is required. When using PyPy, PyPy>=7.3.7
+    is required.
+
+
+.. _gevent-asyncio:
+
+Combining with ``async``/``await``
+----------------------------------
+
+Gevent's patching does not interact well with Flask's built-in asyncio support.
+If you want to use Gevent and asyncio in the same app, you'll need to override
+:meth:`flask.Flask.async_to_sync` to run async functions inside gevent.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    import gevent.monkey
+    gevent.monkey.patch_all()
+
+    import asyncio
+    from flask import Flask, request
+
+    loop = asyncio.EventLoop()
+    gevent.spawn(loop.run_forever)
+
+    class GeventFlask(Flask):
+        def async_to_sync(self, func):
+            def run(*args, **kwargs):
+                coro = func(*args, **kwargs)
+                future = asyncio.run_coroutine_threadsafe(coro, loop)
+                return future.result()
+
+            return run
+
+    app = GeventFlask(__name__)
+
+    @app.get("/")
+    async def greet():
+        await asyncio.sleep(1)
+        return f"Hello, {request.args.get("name", "World")}!"
+
+This starts an asyncio event loop in a gevent worker. Async functions are
+scheduled on that event loop. This may still have limitations, and may need to
+be modified further when using other asyncio implementations.
+
+
+libuv
+~~~~~
+
+`libuv`_ is another event loop implementation that `gevent supports`_. There's
+also a project called `uvloop`_ that enables libuv in asyncio. If you want to
+use libuv, use gevent's support, not uvloop. It may be possible to further
+modify the ``async_to_sync`` code from the previous section to work with uvloop,
+but that's not currently known.
+
+.. _libuv: https://libuv.org/
+.. _gevent supports: https://www.gevent.org/loop_impls.html
+.. _uvloop: https://uvloop.readthedocs.io/
+
+To enable gevent's libuv support, add the following at the *very* top of your
+code, before ``gevent.monkey.patch_all()``:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    import gevent
+    gevent.config.loop = "libuv"
+
+    import gevent.monkey
+    gevent.monkey.patch_all()

docs/index.rst

@@ -52,7 +52,6 @@ community-maintained extensions to add even more functionality.
    views
    lifecycle
    appcontext
-   reqcontext
    blueprints
    extensions
    cli
@@ -61,6 +60,7 @@ community-maintained extensions to add even more functionality.
    patterns/index
    web-security
    deploying/index
+   gevent
    async-await
 
 

docs/installation.rst

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Installation
 Python Version
 --------------
 
-We recommend using the latest version of Python. Flask supports Python 3.9 and newer.
+We recommend using the latest version of Python. Flask supports Python 3.10 and newer.
 
 
 Dependencies
@@ -51,9 +51,8 @@ use them if you install them.
 greenlet
 ~~~~~~~~
 
-You may choose to use gevent or eventlet with your application. In this
-case, greenlet>=1.0 is required. When using PyPy, PyPy>=7.3.7 is
-required.
+You may choose to use :doc:`/gevent` with your application. In this case,
+greenlet>=1.0 is required. When using PyPy, PyPy>=7.3.7 is required.
 
 These are not minimum supported versions, they only indicate the first
 versions that added necessary features. You should use the latest

docs/lifecycle.rst

@@ -117,15 +117,12 @@ the view function, and pass the return value back to the server. But there are m
 parts that you can use to customize its behavior.
 
 #.  WSGI server calls the Flask object, which calls :meth:`.Flask.wsgi_app`.
-#.  A :class:`.RequestContext` object is created. This converts the WSGI ``environ``
-    dict into a :class:`.Request` object. It also creates an :class:`AppContext` object.
-#.  The :doc:`app context <appcontext>` is pushed, which makes :data:`.current_app` and
-    :data:`.g` available.
+#.  An :class:`.AppContext` object is created. This converts the WSGI ``environ``
+    dict into a :class:`.Request` object.
+#.  The :doc:`app context <appcontext>` is pushed, which makes
+    :data:`.current_app`, :data:`.g`, :data:`.request`, and :data:`.session`
+    available.
 #.  The :data:`.appcontext_pushed` signal is sent.
-#.  The :doc:`request context <reqcontext>` is pushed, which makes :attr:`.request` and
-    :class:`.session` available.
-#.  The session is opened, loading any existing session data using the app's
-    :attr:`~.Flask.session_interface`, an instance of :class:`.SessionInterface`.
 #.  The URL is matched against the URL rules registered with the :meth:`~.Flask.route`
     decorator during application setup. If there is no match, the error - usually a 404,
     405, or redirect - is stored to be handled later.
@@ -141,7 +138,8 @@ parts that you can use to customize its behavior.
     called to handle the error and return a response.
 #.  Whatever returned a response value - a before request function, the view, or an
     error handler, that value is converted to a :class:`.Response` object.
-#.  Any :func:`~.after_this_request` decorated functions are called, then cleared.
+#.  Any :func:`~.after_this_request` decorated functions are called, which can modify
+    the response object. They are then cleared.
 #.  Any :meth:`~.Flask.after_request` decorated functions are called, which can modify
     the response object.
 #.  The session is saved, persisting any modified session data using the app's
@@ -154,14 +152,19 @@ parts that you can use to customize its behavior.
 #.  The response object's status, headers, and body are returned to the WSGI server.
 #.  Any :meth:`~.Flask.teardown_request` decorated functions are called.
 #.  The :data:`.request_tearing_down` signal is sent.
-#.  The request context is popped, :attr:`.request` and :class:`.session` are no longer
-    available.
 #.  Any :meth:`~.Flask.teardown_appcontext` decorated functions are called.
 #.  The :data:`.appcontext_tearing_down` signal is sent.
-#.  The app context is popped, :data:`.current_app` and :data:`.g` are no longer
-    available.
+#.  The app context is popped, :data:`.current_app`, :data:`.g`, :data:`.request`,
+    and :data:`.session` are no longer available.
 #.  The :data:`.appcontext_popped` signal is sent.
 
+When executing a CLI command or plain app context without request data, the same
+order of steps is followed, omitting the steps that refer to the request.
+
+A :class:`Blueprint` can add handlers for these events that are specific to the
+blueprint. The handlers for a blueprint will run if the blueprint
+owns the route that matches the request.
+
 There are even more decorators and customization points than this, but that aren't part
 of every request lifecycle. They're more specific to certain things you might use during
 a request, such as templates, building URLs, or handling JSON data. See the rest of this

docs/patterns/javascript.rst

@@ -136,7 +136,8 @@ In general, prefer sending request data as form data, as would be used
 when submitting an HTML form. JSON can represent more complex data, but
 unless you need that it's better to stick with the simpler format. When
 sending JSON data, the ``Content-Type: application/json`` header must be
-sent as well, otherwise Flask will return a 400 error.
+sent as well, otherwise Flask will return a 415 Unsupported Media Type
+error.
 
 .. code-block:: javascript
 
@@ -244,8 +245,9 @@ Receiving JSON in Views
 
 Use the :attr:`~flask.Request.json` property of the
 :data:`~flask.request` object to decode the request's body as JSON. If
-the body is not valid JSON, or the ``Content-Type`` header is not set to
-``application/json``, a 400 Bad Request error will be raised.
+the body is not valid JSON, a 400 Bad Request error will be raised. If
+the ``Content-Type`` header is not set to ``application/json``, a 415
+Unsupported Media Type error will be raised.
 
 .. code-block:: python
 

docs/patterns/mongoengine.rst

@@ -10,8 +10,7 @@ A running MongoDB server and `Flask-MongoEngine`_ are required. ::
     pip install flask-mongoengine
 
 .. _MongoEngine: http://mongoengine.org
-.. _Flask-MongoEngine: https://flask-mongoengine.readthedocs.io
-
+.. _Flask-MongoEngine: https://docs.mongoengine.org/projects/flask-mongoengine/en/latest/
 
 Configuration
 -------------

docs/patterns/sqlalchemy.rst

@@ -131,9 +131,8 @@ Here is an example :file:`database.py` module for your application::
     def init_db():
         metadata.create_all(bind=engine)
 
-As in the declarative approach, you need to close the session after
-each request or application context shutdown.  Put this into your
-application module::
+As in the declarative approach, you need to close the session after each app
+context. Put this into your application module::
 
     from yourapplication.database import db_session
 

docs/patterns/sqlite3.rst

@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 Using SQLite 3 with Flask
 =========================
 
-In Flask you can easily implement the opening of database connections on
-demand and closing them when the context dies (usually at the end of the
-request).
+You can implement a few functions to work with a SQLite connection during a
+request context. The connection is created the first time it's accessed,
+reused on subsequent access, until it is closed when the request context ends.
 
 Here is a simple example of how you can use SQLite 3 with Flask::
 

docs/patterns/streaming.rst

@@ -8,6 +8,21 @@ roundtrip to the filesystem?
 
 The answer is by using generators and direct responses.
 
+HTTP Response Behavior
+----------------------
+
+**Headers cannot be changed after the streaming response starts.**
+
+When using streaming, it's important to be aware of the order than an HTTP
+response is sent. All headers must be sent first, then the body. More headers
+cannot be sent after the body has begun. Therefore, you must make sure all
+headers are set before starting the response, outside the generator.
+
+In particular, if the generator will access ``session``, be sure to do so in the
+view as well so that the ``Vary: cookie`` header will be set. Do not modify the
+session in the generator, as the ``Set-Cookie`` header will already be sent.
+
+
 Basic Usage
 -----------
 
@@ -49,13 +64,13 @@ the template.
 Streaming with Context
 ----------------------
 
-The :data:`~flask.request` will not be active while the generator is
-running, because the view has already returned at that point. If you try
-to access ``request``, you'll get a ``RuntimeError``.
+The :data:`.request` proxy will not be active while the generator is
+running, because the app has already returned control to the WSGI server at that
+point. If you try to access ``request``, you'll get a ``RuntimeError``.
 
 If your generator function relies on data in ``request``, use the
-:func:`~flask.stream_with_context` wrapper. This will keep the request
-context active during the generator.
+:func:`.stream_with_context` wrapper. This will keep the request context active
+during the generator.
 
 .. code-block:: python
 

docs/quickstart.rst

@@ -258,7 +258,7 @@ Why would you want to build URLs using the URL reversing function
 For example, here we use the :meth:`~flask.Flask.test_request_context` method
 to try out :func:`~flask.url_for`. :meth:`~flask.Flask.test_request_context`
 tells Flask to behave as though it's handling a request even while we use a
-Python shell. See :ref:`context-locals`.
+Python shell. See :doc:`/appcontext`.
 
 .. code-block:: python
 
@@ -449,105 +449,58 @@ Here is a basic introduction to how the :class:`~markupsafe.Markup` class works:
 Accessing Request Data
 ----------------------
 
-For web applications it's crucial to react to the data a client sends to
-the server.  In Flask this information is provided by the global
-:class:`~flask.request` object.  If you have some experience with Python
-you might be wondering how that object can be global and how Flask
-manages to still be threadsafe.  The answer is context locals:
+For web applications it's crucial to react to the data a client sends to the
+server. In Flask this information is provided by the global :data:`.request`
+object, which is an instance of :class:`.Request`. This object has many
+attributes and methods to work with the incoming request data, but here is a
+broad overview. First it needs to be imported.
 
-
-.. _context-locals:
-
-Context Locals
-``````````````
-
-.. admonition:: Insider Information
-
-   If you want to understand how that works and how you can implement
-   tests with context locals, read this section, otherwise just skip it.
-
-Certain objects in Flask are global objects, but not of the usual kind.
-These objects are actually proxies to objects that are local to a specific
-context.  What a mouthful.  But that is actually quite easy to understand.
-
-Imagine the context being the handling thread.  A request comes in and the
-web server decides to spawn a new thread (or something else, the
-underlying object is capable of dealing with concurrency systems other
-than threads).  When Flask starts its internal request handling it
-figures out that the current thread is the active context and binds the
-current application and the WSGI environments to that context (thread).
-It does that in an intelligent way so that one application can invoke another
-application without breaking.
-
-So what does this mean to you?  Basically you can completely ignore that
-this is the case unless you are doing something like unit testing.  You
-will notice that code which depends on a request object will suddenly break
-because there is no request object.  The solution is creating a request
-object yourself and binding it to the context.  The easiest solution for
-unit testing is to use the :meth:`~flask.Flask.test_request_context`
-context manager.  In combination with the ``with`` statement it will bind a
-test request so that you can interact with it.  Here is an example::
+.. code-block:: python
 
     from flask import request
 
-    with app.test_request_context('/hello', method='POST'):
-        # now you can do something with the request until the
-        # end of the with block, such as basic assertions:
-        assert request.path == '/hello'
-        assert request.method == 'POST'
+If you have some experience with Python you might be wondering how that object
+can be global when Flask handles multiple requests at a time. The answer is
+that :data:`.request` is actually a proxy, pointing at whatever request is
+currently being handled by a given worker, which is managed internally by Flask
+and Python. See :doc:`/appcontext` for much more information.
 
-The other possibility is passing a whole WSGI environment to the
-:meth:`~flask.Flask.request_context` method::
+The current request method is available in the :attr:`~.Request.method`
+attribute. To access form data (data transmitted in a ``POST`` or ``PUT``
+request), use the :attr:`~flask.Request.form` attribute, which behaves like a
+dict.
 
-    with app.request_context(environ):
-        assert request.method == 'POST'
+.. code-block:: python
 
-The Request Object
-``````````````````
-
-The request object is documented in the API section and we will not cover
-it here in detail (see :class:`~flask.Request`). Here is a broad overview of
-some of the most common operations.  First of all you have to import it from
-the ``flask`` module::
-
-    from flask import request
-
-The current request method is available by using the
-:attr:`~flask.Request.method` attribute.  To access form data (data
-transmitted in a ``POST`` or ``PUT`` request) you can use the
-:attr:`~flask.Request.form` attribute.  Here is a full example of the two
-attributes mentioned above::
-
-    @app.route('/login', methods=['POST', 'GET'])
+    @app.route("/login", methods=["GET", "POST"])
     def login():
         error = None
-        if request.method == 'POST':
-            if valid_login(request.form['username'],
-                           request.form['password']):
-                return log_the_user_in(request.form['username'])
+
+        if request.method == "POST":
+            if valid_login(request.form["username"], request.form["password"]):
+                return store_login(request.form["username"])
             else:
-                error = 'Invalid username/password'
-        # the code below is executed if the request method
-        # was GET or the credentials were invalid
-        return render_template('login.html', error=error)
+                error = "Invalid username or password"
 
-What happens if the key does not exist in the ``form`` attribute?  In that
-case a special :exc:`KeyError` is raised.  You can catch it like a
-standard :exc:`KeyError` but if you don't do that, a HTTP 400 Bad Request
-error page is shown instead.  So for many situations you don't have to
-deal with that problem.
+        # Executed if the request method was GET or the credentials were invalid.
+        return render_template("login.html", error=error)
 
-To access parameters submitted in the URL (``?key=value``) you can use the
-:attr:`~flask.Request.args` attribute::
+If the key does not exist in ``form``, a special :exc:`KeyError` is raised. You
+can catch it like a normal ``KeyError``, otherwise it will return a HTTP 400
+Bad Request error page. You can also use the
+:meth:`~werkzeug.datastructures.MultiDict.get` method to get a default
+instead of an error.
+
+To access parameters submitted in the URL (``?key=value``), use the
+:attr:`~.Request.args` attribute. Key errors behave the same as ``form``,
+returning a 400 response if not caught.
+
+.. code-block:: python
 
     searchword = request.args.get('key', '')
 
-We recommend accessing URL parameters with `get` or by catching the
-:exc:`KeyError` because users might change the URL and presenting them a 400
-bad request page in that case is not user friendly.
-
-For a full list of methods and attributes of the request object, head over
-to the :class:`~flask.Request` documentation.
+For a full list of methods and attributes of the request object, see the
+:class:`~.Request` documentation.
 
 
 File Uploads

docs/reqcontext.rst

@@ -1,243 +1,6 @@
-.. currentmodule:: flask
+:orphan:
 
 The Request Context
 ===================
 
-The request context keeps track of the request-level data during a
-request. Rather than passing the request object to each function that
-runs during a request, the :data:`request` and :data:`session` proxies
-are accessed instead.
-
-This is similar to :doc:`/appcontext`, which keeps track of the
-application-level data independent of a request. A corresponding
-application context is pushed when a request context is pushed.
-
-
-Purpose of the Context
-----------------------
-
-When the :class:`Flask` application handles a request, it creates a
-:class:`Request` object based on the environment it received from the
-WSGI server. Because a *worker* (thread, process, or coroutine depending
-on the server) handles only one request at a time, the request data can
-be considered global to that worker during that request. Flask uses the
-term *context local* for this.
-
-Flask automatically *pushes* a request context when handling a request.
-View functions, error handlers, and other functions that run during a
-request will have access to the :data:`request` proxy, which points to
-the request object for the current request.
-
-
-Lifetime of the Context
------------------------
-
-When a Flask application begins handling a request, it pushes a request
-context, which also pushes an :doc:`app context </appcontext>`. When the
-request ends it pops the request context then the application context.
-
-The context is unique to each thread (or other worker type).
-:data:`request` cannot be passed to another thread, the other thread has
-a different context space and will not know about the request the parent
-thread was pointing to.
-
-Context locals are implemented using Python's :mod:`contextvars` and
-Werkzeug's :class:`~werkzeug.local.LocalProxy`. Python manages the
-lifetime of context vars automatically, and local proxy wraps that
-low-level interface to make the data easier to work with.
-
-
-Manually Push a Context
------------------------
-
-If you try to access :data:`request`, or anything that uses it, outside
-a request context, you'll get this error message:
-
-.. code-block:: pytb
-
-    RuntimeError: Working outside of request context.
-
-    This typically means that you attempted to use functionality that
-    needed an active HTTP request. Consult the documentation on testing
-    for information about how to avoid this problem.
-
-This should typically only happen when testing code that expects an
-active request. One option is to use the
-:meth:`test client <Flask.test_client>` to simulate a full request. Or
-you can use :meth:`~Flask.test_request_context` in a ``with`` block, and
-everything that runs in the block will have access to :data:`request`,
-populated with your test data. ::
-
-    def generate_report(year):
-        format = request.args.get("format")
-        ...
-
-    with app.test_request_context(
-        "/make_report/2017", query_string={"format": "short"}
-    ):
-        generate_report()
-
-If you see that error somewhere else in your code not related to
-testing, it most likely indicates that you should move that code into a
-view function.
-
-For information on how to use the request context from the interactive
-Python shell, see :doc:`/shell`.
-
-
-How the Context Works
----------------------
-
-The :meth:`Flask.wsgi_app` method is called to handle each request. It
-manages the contexts during the request. Internally, the request and
-application contexts work like stacks. When contexts are pushed, the
-proxies that depend on them are available and point at information from
-the top item.
-
-When the request starts, a :class:`~ctx.RequestContext` is created and
-pushed, which creates and pushes an :class:`~ctx.AppContext` first if
-a context for that application is not already the top context. While
-these contexts are pushed, the :data:`current_app`, :data:`g`,
-:data:`request`, and :data:`session` proxies are available to the
-original thread handling the request.
-
-Other contexts may be pushed to change the proxies during a request.
-While this is not a common pattern, it can be used in advanced
-applications to, for example, do internal redirects or chain different
-applications together.
-
-After the request is dispatched and a response is generated and sent,
-the request context is popped, which then pops the application context.
-Immediately before they are popped, the :meth:`~Flask.teardown_request`
-and :meth:`~Flask.teardown_appcontext` functions are executed. These
-execute even if an unhandled exception occurred during dispatch.
-
-
-.. _callbacks-and-errors:
-
-Callbacks and Errors
---------------------
-
-Flask dispatches a request in multiple stages which can affect the
-request, response, and how errors are handled. The contexts are active
-during all of these stages.
-
-A :class:`Blueprint` can add handlers for these events that are specific
-to the blueprint. The handlers for a blueprint will run if the blueprint
-owns the route that matches the request.
-
-#.  Before each request, :meth:`~Flask.before_request` functions are
-    called. If one of these functions return a value, the other
-    functions are skipped. The return value is treated as the response
-    and the view function is not called.
-
-#.  If the :meth:`~Flask.before_request` functions did not return a
-    response, the view function for the matched route is called and
-    returns a response.
-
-#.  The return value of the view is converted into an actual response
-    object and passed to the :meth:`~Flask.after_request`
-    functions. Each function returns a modified or new response object.
-
-#.  After the response is returned, the contexts are popped, which calls
-    the :meth:`~Flask.teardown_request` and
-    :meth:`~Flask.teardown_appcontext` functions. These functions are
-    called even if an unhandled exception was raised at any point above.
-
-If an exception is raised before the teardown functions, Flask tries to
-match it with an :meth:`~Flask.errorhandler` function to handle the
-exception and return a response. If no error handler is found, or the
-handler itself raises an exception, Flask returns a generic
-``500 Internal Server Error`` response. The teardown functions are still
-called, and are passed the exception object.
-
-If debug mode is enabled, unhandled exceptions are not converted to a
-``500`` response and instead are propagated to the WSGI server. This
-allows the development server to present the interactive debugger with
-the traceback.
-
-
-Teardown Callbacks
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
-The teardown callbacks are independent of the request dispatch, and are
-instead called by the contexts when they are popped. The functions are
-called even if there is an unhandled exception during dispatch, and for
-manually pushed contexts. This means there is no guarantee that any
-other parts of the request dispatch have run first. Be sure to write
-these functions in a way that does not depend on other callbacks and
-will not fail.
-
-During testing, it can be useful to defer popping the contexts after the
-request ends, so that their data can be accessed in the test function.
-Use the :meth:`~Flask.test_client` as a ``with`` block to preserve the
-contexts until the ``with`` block exits.
-
-.. code-block:: python
-
-    from flask import Flask, request
-
-    app = Flask(__name__)
-
-    @app.route('/')
-    def hello():
-        print('during view')
-        return 'Hello, World!'
-
-    @app.teardown_request
-    def show_teardown(exception):
-        print('after with block')
-
-    with app.test_request_context():
-        print('during with block')
-
-    # teardown functions are called after the context with block exits
-
-    with app.test_client() as client:
-        client.get('/')
-        # the contexts are not popped even though the request ended
-        print(request.path)
-
-    # the contexts are popped and teardown functions are called after
-    # the client with block exits
-
-Signals
-~~~~~~~
-
-The following signals are sent:
-
-#.  :data:`request_started` is sent before the :meth:`~Flask.before_request` functions
-    are called.
-#.  :data:`request_finished` is sent after the :meth:`~Flask.after_request` functions
-    are called.
-#.  :data:`got_request_exception` is sent when an exception begins to be handled, but
-    before an :meth:`~Flask.errorhandler` is looked up or called.
-#.  :data:`request_tearing_down` is sent after the :meth:`~Flask.teardown_request`
-    functions are called.
-
-
-.. _notes-on-proxies:
-
-Notes On Proxies
-----------------
-
-Some of the objects provided by Flask are proxies to other objects. The
-proxies are accessed in the same way for each worker thread, but
-point to the unique object bound to each worker behind the scenes as
-described on this page.
-
-Most of the time you don't have to care about that, but there are some
-exceptions where it is good to know that this object is actually a proxy:
-
--   The proxy objects cannot fake their type as the actual object types.
-    If you want to perform instance checks, you have to do that on the
-    object being proxied.
--   The reference to the proxied object is needed in some situations,
-    such as sending :doc:`signals` or passing data to a background
-    thread.
-
-If you need to access the underlying object that is proxied, use the
-:meth:`~werkzeug.local.LocalProxy._get_current_object` method::
-
-    app = current_app._get_current_object()
-    my_signal.send(app)
+Obsolete, see :doc:`/appcontext` instead.

docs/shell.rst

@@ -1,56 +1,37 @@
 Working with the Shell
 ======================
 
-.. versionadded:: 0.3
+One of the reasons everybody loves Python is the interactive shell. It allows
+you to play around with code in real time and immediately get results back.
+Flask provides the ``flask shell`` CLI command to start an interactive Python
+shell with some setup done to make working with the Flask app easier.
 
-One of the reasons everybody loves Python is the interactive shell.  It
-basically allows you to execute Python commands in real time and
-immediately get results back.  Flask itself does not come with an
-interactive shell, because it does not require any specific setup upfront,
-just import your application and start playing around.
+.. code-block:: text
 
-There are however some handy helpers to make playing around in the shell a
-more pleasant experience.  The main issue with interactive console
-sessions is that you're not triggering a request like a browser does which
-means that :data:`~flask.g`, :data:`~flask.request` and others are not
-available.  But the code you want to test might depend on them, so what
-can you do?
-
-This is where some helper functions come in handy.  Keep in mind however
-that these functions are not only there for interactive shell usage, but
-also for unit testing and other situations that require a faked request
-context.
-
-Generally it's recommended that you read :doc:`reqcontext` first.
-
-Command Line Interface
-----------------------
-
-Starting with Flask 0.11 the recommended way to work with the shell is the
-``flask shell`` command which does a lot of this automatically for you.
-For instance the shell is automatically initialized with a loaded
-application context.
-
-For more information see :doc:`/cli`.
+    $ flask shell
 
 Creating a Request Context
 --------------------------
 
+``flask shell`` pushes an app context automatically, so :data:`.current_app` and
+:data:`.g` are already available. However, there is no HTTP request being
+handled in the shell, so :data:`.request` and :data:`.session` are not yet
+available.
+
 The easiest way to create a proper request context from the shell is by
 using the :attr:`~flask.Flask.test_request_context` method which creates
 us a :class:`~flask.ctx.RequestContext`:
 
 >>> ctx = app.test_request_context()
 
-Normally you would use the ``with`` statement to make this request object
-active, but in the shell it's easier to use the
-:meth:`~flask.ctx.RequestContext.push` and
-:meth:`~flask.ctx.RequestContext.pop` methods by hand:
+Normally you would use the ``with`` statement to make this context active, but
+in the shell it's easier to call :meth:`~.RequestContext.push` and
+:meth:`~.RequestContext.pop` manually:
 
 >>> ctx.push()
 
-From that point onwards you can work with the request object until you
-call `pop`:
+From that point onwards you can work with the request object until you call
+``pop``:
 
 >>> ctx.pop()
 

docs/signals.rst

@@ -144,11 +144,10 @@ function, you can pass ``current_app._get_current_object()`` as sender.
 Signals and Flask's Request Context
 -----------------------------------
 
-Signals fully support :doc:`reqcontext` when receiving signals.
-Context-local variables are consistently available between
-:data:`~flask.request_started` and :data:`~flask.request_finished`, so you can
-rely on :class:`flask.g` and others as needed.  Note the limitations described
-in :ref:`signals-sending` and the :data:`~flask.request_tearing_down` signal.
+Context-local proxies are available between :data:`~flask.request_started` and
+:data:`~flask.request_finished`, so you can rely on :class:`flask.g` and others
+as needed. Note the limitations described in :ref:`signals-sending` and the
+:data:`~flask.request_tearing_down` signal.
 
 
 Decorator Based Signal Subscriptions

docs/templating.rst

@@ -137,32 +137,58 @@ using in this block.
 
 .. _registering-filters:
 
-Registering Filters
--------------------
+Registering Filters, Tests, and Globals
+---------------------------------------
 
-If you want to register your own filters in Jinja you have two ways to do
-that.  You can either put them by hand into the
-:attr:`~flask.Flask.jinja_env` of the application or use the
-:meth:`~flask.Flask.template_filter` decorator.
+The Flask app and blueprints provide decorators and methods to register your own
+filters, tests, and global functions for use in Jinja templates. They all follow
+the same pattern, so the following examples only discuss filters.
 
-The two following examples work the same and both reverse an object::
+Decorate a function with :meth:`~.Flask.template_filter` to register it as a
+template filter.
 
-    @app.template_filter('reverse')
-    def reverse_filter(s):
-        return s[::-1]
+.. code-block:: python
 
-    def reverse_filter(s):
-        return s[::-1]
-    app.jinja_env.filters['reverse'] = reverse_filter
+    @app.template_filter
+    def reverse(s):
+        return reversed(s)
 
-In case of the decorator the argument is optional if you want to use the
-function name as name of the filter.  Once registered, you can use the filter
-in your templates in the same way as Jinja's builtin filters, for example if
-you have a Python list in context called `mylist`::
+.. code-block:: jinja
 
-    {% for x in mylist | reverse %}
+    {% for item in data | reverse %}
     {% endfor %}
 
+By default it will use the name of the function as the name of the filter, but
+that can be changed by passing a name to the decorator.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    @app.template_filter("reverse")
+    def reverse_filter(s):
+        return reversed(s)
+
+A filter can be registered separately using :meth:`~.Flask.add_template_filter`.
+The name is optional and will use the function name if not given.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    def reverse_filter(s):
+        return reversed(s)
+
+    app.add_template_filter(reverse_filter, "reverse")
+
+For template tests, use the :meth:`~.Flask.template_test` decorator or
+:meth:`~.Flask.add_template_test` method. For template global functions, use the
+:meth:`~.Flask.template_global` decorator or :meth:`~.Flask.add_template_global`
+method.
+
+The same methods also exist on :class:`.Blueprint`, prefixed with ``app_`` to
+indicate that the registered functions will be available to all templates, not
+only when rendering from within the blueprint.
+
+The Jinja environment is also available as :attr:`~.Flask.jinja_env`. It may be
+modified directly, as you would when using Jinja outside Flask.
+
 
 Context Processors
 ------------------
@@ -225,5 +251,11 @@ functions to make this easier to use.
         return stream_template("timeline.html")
 
 These functions automatically apply the
-:func:`~flask.stream_with_context` wrapper if a request is active, so
-that it remains available in the template.
+:func:`~flask.stream_with_context` wrapper if a request is active, so that
+:data:`.request`, :data:`.session`, and :data:`.g` remain available in the
+template.
+
+More headers cannot be sent after the body has begun. Therefore, you must
+make sure all headers are set before starting the response. In particular,
+if the template will access ``session``, be sure to do so in the view as
+well so that the ``Vary: cookie`` header will be set.

docs/testing.rst

@@ -275,11 +275,10 @@ command from the command line.
 Tests that depend on an Active Context
 --------------------------------------
 
-You may have functions that are called from views or commands, that
-expect an active :doc:`application context </appcontext>` or
-:doc:`request context  </reqcontext>` because they access ``request``,
-``session``, or ``current_app``. Rather than testing them by making a
-request or invoking the command, you can create and activate a context
+You may have functions that are called from views or commands, that expect an
+active :doc:`app context </appcontext>` because they access :data:`.request`,
+:data:`.session`, :data:`.g`, or :data:`.current_app`. Rather than testing them by
+making a request or invoking the command, you can create and activate a context
 directly.
 
 Use ``with app.app_context()`` to push an application context. For

docs/tutorial/blog.rst

@@ -305,7 +305,7 @@ The pattern ``{{ request.form['title'] or post['title'] }}`` is used to
 choose what data appears in the form. When the form hasn't been
 submitted, the original ``post`` data appears, but if invalid form data
 was posted you want to display that so the user can fix the error, so
-``request.form`` is used instead. :data:`request` is another variable
+``request.form`` is used instead. :data:`.request` is another variable
 that's automatically available in templates.
 
 

docs/tutorial/database.rst

@@ -60,17 +60,17 @@ response is sent.
         if db is not None:
             db.close()
 
-:data:`g` is a special object that is unique for each request. It is
+:data:`.g` is a special object that is unique for each request. It is
 used to store data that might be accessed by multiple functions during
 the request. The connection is stored and reused instead of creating a
 new connection if ``get_db`` is called a second time in the same
 request.
 
-:data:`current_app` is another special object that points to the Flask
+:data:`.current_app` is another special object that points to the Flask
 application handling the request. Since you used an application factory,
 there is no application object when writing the rest of your code.
 ``get_db`` will be called when the application has been created and is
-handling a request, so :data:`current_app` can be used.
+handling a request, so :data:`.current_app` can be used.
 
 :func:`sqlite3.connect` establishes a connection to the file pointed at
 by the ``DATABASE`` configuration key. This file doesn't have to exist

docs/tutorial/factory.rst

@@ -56,10 +56,7 @@ directory should be treated as a package.
             app.config.from_mapping(test_config)
 
         # ensure the instance folder exists
-        try:
-            os.makedirs(app.instance_path)
-        except OSError:
-            pass
+        os.makedirs(app.instance_path, exist_ok=True)
 
         # a simple page that says hello
         @app.route('/hello')

docs/tutorial/layout.rst

@@ -81,8 +81,7 @@ By the end, your project layout will look like this:
     │   ├── test_auth.py
     │   └── test_blog.py
     ├── .venv/
-    ├── pyproject.toml
-    └── MANIFEST.in
+    └── pyproject.toml
 
 If you're using version control, the following files that are generated
 while running your project should be ignored. There may be other files
@@ -103,8 +102,4 @@ write. For example, with git:
     .coverage
     htmlcov/
 
-    dist/
-    build/
-    *.egg-info/
-
 Continue to :doc:`factory`.

docs/tutorial/templates.rst

@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ specific sections.
       {% block content %}{% endblock %}
     </section>
 
-:data:`g` is automatically available in templates. Based on if
+:data:`.g` is automatically available in templates. Based on if
 ``g.user`` is set (from ``load_logged_in_user``), either the username
 and a log out link are displayed, or links to register and log in
 are displayed. :func:`url_for` is also automatically available, and is

docs/tutorial/tests.rst

@@ -311,7 +311,7 @@ input and error messages without writing the same code three times.
 
 The tests for the ``login`` view are very similar to those for
 ``register``. Rather than testing the data in the database,
-:data:`session` should have ``user_id`` set after logging in.
+:data:`.session` should have ``user_id`` set after logging in.
 
 .. code-block:: python
     :caption: ``tests/test_auth.py``
@@ -336,10 +336,10 @@ The tests for the ``login`` view are very similar to those for
         assert message in response.data
 
 Using ``client`` in a ``with`` block allows accessing context variables
-such as :data:`session` after the response is returned. Normally,
+such as :data:`.session` after the response is returned. Normally,
 accessing ``session`` outside of a request would raise an error.
 
-Testing ``logout`` is the opposite of ``login``. :data:`session` should
+Testing ``logout`` is the opposite of ``login``. :data:`.session` should
 not contain ``user_id`` after logging out.
 
 .. code-block:: python

docs/tutorial/views.rst

@@ -208,13 +208,13 @@ There are a few differences from the ``register`` view:
     password in the same way as the stored hash and securely compares
     them. If they match, the password is valid.
 
-#.  :data:`session` is a :class:`dict` that stores data across requests.
+#.  :data:`.session` is a :class:`dict` that stores data across requests.
     When validation succeeds, the user's ``id`` is stored in a new
     session. The data is stored in a *cookie* that is sent to the
     browser, and the browser then sends it back with subsequent requests.
     Flask securely *signs* the data so that it can't be tampered with.
 
-Now that the user's ``id`` is stored in the :data:`session`, it will be
+Now that the user's ``id`` is stored in the :data:`.session`, it will be
 available on subsequent requests. At the beginning of each request, if
 a user is logged in their information should be loaded and made
 available to other views.
@@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ available to other views.
 :meth:`bp.before_app_request() <Blueprint.before_app_request>` registers
 a function that runs before the view function, no matter what URL is
 requested. ``load_logged_in_user`` checks if a user id is stored in the
-:data:`session` and gets that user's data from the database, storing it
+:data:`.session` and gets that user's data from the database, storing it
 on :data:`g.user <g>`, which lasts for the length of the request. If
 there is no user id, or if the id doesn't exist, ``g.user`` will be
 ``None``.
@@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ there is no user id, or if the id doesn't exist, ``g.user`` will be
 Logout
 ------
 
-To log out, you need to remove the user id from the :data:`session`.
+To log out, you need to remove the user id from the :data:`.session`.
 Then ``load_logged_in_user`` won't load a user on subsequent requests.
 
 .. code-block:: python

examples/tutorial/flaskr/__init__.py

@@ -21,10 +21,7 @@ def create_app(test_config=None):
         app.config.update(test_config)
 
     # ensure the instance folder exists
-    try:
-        os.makedirs(app.instance_path)
-    except OSError:
-        pass
+    os.makedirs(app.instance_path, exist_ok=True)
 
     @app.route("/hello")
     def hello():

pyproject.toml

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [project]
 name = "Flask"
-version = "3.1.2"
+version = "3.2.0.dev"
 description = "A simple framework for building complex web applications."
 readme = "README.md"
 license = "BSD-3-Clause"
@@ -19,11 +19,10 @@ classifiers = [
     "Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries :: Application Frameworks",
     "Typing :: Typed",
 ]
-requires-python = ">=3.9"
+requires-python = ">=3.10"
 dependencies = [
     "blinker>=1.9.0",
     "click>=8.1.3",
-    "importlib-metadata>=3.6.0; python_version < '3.10'",
     "itsdangerous>=2.2.0",
     "jinja2>=3.1.2",
     "markupsafe>=2.1.1",
@@ -42,7 +41,7 @@ dev = [
 ]
 docs = [
     "pallets-sphinx-themes",
-    "sphinx",
+    "sphinx<9",
     "sphinx-tabs",
     "sphinxcontrib-log-cabinet",
 ]
@@ -58,7 +57,6 @@ pre-commit = [
 ]
 tests = [
     "asgiref",
-    "greenlet ; python_version < '3.11'",
     "pytest",
     "python-dotenv",
 ]
@@ -84,7 +82,7 @@ Chat = "https://discord.gg/pallets"
 flask = "flask.cli:main"
 
 [build-system]
-requires = ["flit_core<4"]
+requires = ["flit_core>=3.11,<4"]
 build-backend = "flit_core.buildapi"
 
 [tool.flit.module]
@@ -126,7 +124,7 @@ exclude_also = [
 ]
 
 [tool.mypy]
-python_version = "3.9"
+python_version = "3.10"
 files = ["src", "tests/type_check"]
 show_error_codes = true
 pretty = true
@@ -142,7 +140,7 @@ module = [
 ignore_missing_imports = true
 
 [tool.pyright]
-pythonVersion = "3.9"
+pythonVersion = "3.10"
 include = ["src", "tests/type_check"]
 typeCheckingMode = "basic"
 
@@ -166,9 +164,13 @@ select = [
 force-single-line = true
 order-by-type = false
 
+[tool.codespell]
+ignore-words-list = "te"
+
 [tool.tox]
 env_list = [
-    "py3.13", "py3.12", "py3.11", "py3.10", "py3.9",
+    "py3.14", "py3.14t",
+    "py3.13", "py3.12", "py3.11", "py3.10",
     "pypy3.11",
     "tests-min", "tests-dev",
     "style",
@@ -192,7 +194,7 @@ commands = [[
 
 [tool.tox.env.tests-min]
 description = "pytest on minimum dependency versions"
-base_python = ["3.13"]
+base_python = ["3.14"]
 commands = [
     [
         "uv", "pip", "install",

src/flask/__init__.py

@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import annotations
-
-import typing as t
-
 from . import json as json
 from .app import Flask as Flask
 from .blueprints import Blueprint as Blueprint
@@ -41,21 +37,3 @@ from .templating import stream_template as stream_template
 from .templating import stream_template_string as stream_template_string
 from .wrappers import Request as Request
 from .wrappers import Response as Response
-
-if not t.TYPE_CHECKING:
-
-    def __getattr__(name: str) -> t.Any:
-        if name == "__version__":
-            import importlib.metadata
-            import warnings
-
-            warnings.warn(
-                "The '__version__' attribute is deprecated and will be removed in"
-                " Flask 3.2. Use feature detection or"
-                " 'importlib.metadata.version(\"flask\")' instead.",
-                DeprecationWarning,
-                stacklevel=2,
-            )
-            return importlib.metadata.version("flask")
-
-        raise AttributeError(name)

src/flask/app.py

@@ -1,11 +1,13 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import collections.abc as cabc
+import inspect
 import os
 import sys
 import typing as t
 import weakref
 from datetime import timedelta
+from functools import update_wrapper
 from inspect import iscoroutinefunction
 from itertools import chain
 from types import TracebackType
@@ -29,20 +31,17 @@ from werkzeug.wsgi import get_host
 from . import cli
 from . import typing as ft
 from .ctx import AppContext
-from .ctx import RequestContext
 from .globals import _cv_app
-from .globals import _cv_request
-from .globals import current_app
+from .globals import app_ctx
 from .globals import g
 from .globals import request
-from .globals import request_ctx
 from .globals import session
+from .helpers import _CollectErrors
 from .helpers import get_debug_flag
 from .helpers import get_flashed_messages
 from .helpers import get_load_dotenv
 from .helpers import send_from_directory
 from .sansio.app import App
-from .sansio.scaffold import _sentinel
 from .sessions import SecureCookieSessionInterface
 from .sessions import SessionInterface
 from .signals import appcontext_tearing_down
@@ -78,6 +77,35 @@ def _make_timedelta(value: timedelta | int | None) -> timedelta | None:
     return timedelta(seconds=value)
 
 
+F = t.TypeVar("F", bound=t.Callable[..., t.Any])
+
+
+# Other methods may call the overridden method with the new ctx arg. Remove it
+# and call the method with the remaining args.
+def remove_ctx(f: F) -> F:
+    def wrapper(self: Flask, *args: t.Any, **kwargs: t.Any) -> t.Any:
+        if args and isinstance(args[0], AppContext):
+            args = args[1:]
+
+        return f(self, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    return update_wrapper(wrapper, f)  # type: ignore[return-value]
+
+
+# The overridden method may call super().base_method without the new ctx arg.
+# Add it to the args for the call.
+def add_ctx(f: F) -> F:
+    def wrapper(self: Flask, *args: t.Any, **kwargs: t.Any) -> t.Any:
+        if not args:
+            args = (app_ctx._get_current_object(),)
+        elif not isinstance(args[0], AppContext):
+            args = (app_ctx._get_current_object(), *args)
+
+        return f(self, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    return update_wrapper(wrapper, f)  # type: ignore[return-value]
+
+
 class Flask(App):
     """The flask object implements a WSGI application and acts as the central
     object.  It is passed the name of the module or package of the
@@ -223,6 +251,62 @@ class Flask(App):
     #: .. versionadded:: 0.8
     session_interface: SessionInterface = SecureCookieSessionInterface()
 
+    def __init_subclass__(cls, **kwargs: t.Any) -> None:
+        import warnings
+
+        # These method signatures were updated to take a ctx param. Detect
+        # overridden methods in subclasses that still have the old signature.
+        # Show a deprecation warning and wrap to call with correct args.
+        for method in (
+            cls.handle_http_exception,
+            cls.handle_user_exception,
+            cls.handle_exception,
+            cls.log_exception,
+            cls.dispatch_request,
+            cls.full_dispatch_request,
+            cls.finalize_request,
+            cls.make_default_options_response,
+            cls.preprocess_request,
+            cls.process_response,
+            cls.do_teardown_request,
+            cls.do_teardown_appcontext,
+        ):
+            base_method = getattr(Flask, method.__name__)
+
+            if method is base_method:
+                # not overridden
+                continue
+
+            # get the second parameter (first is self)
+            iter_params = iter(inspect.signature(method).parameters.values())
+            next(iter_params)
+            param = next(iter_params, None)
+
+            # must have second parameter named ctx or annotated AppContext
+            if param is None or not (
+                # no annotation, match name
+                (param.annotation is inspect.Parameter.empty and param.name == "ctx")
+                or (
+                    # string annotation, access path ends with AppContext
+                    isinstance(param.annotation, str)
+                    and param.annotation.rpartition(".")[2] == "AppContext"
+                )
+                or (
+                    # class annotation
+                    inspect.isclass(param.annotation)
+                    and issubclass(param.annotation, AppContext)
+                )
+            ):
+                warnings.warn(
+                    f"The '{method.__name__}' method now takes 'ctx: AppContext'"
+                    " as the first parameter. The old signature is deprecated"
+                    " and will not be supported in Flask 4.0.",
+                    DeprecationWarning,
+                    stacklevel=2,
+                )
+                setattr(cls, method.__name__, remove_ctx(method))
+                setattr(Flask, method.__name__, add_ctx(base_method))
+
     def __init__(
         self,
         import_name: str,
@@ -275,7 +359,7 @@ class Flask(App):
                 f"{self.static_url_path}/<path:filename>",
                 endpoint="static",
                 host=static_host,
-                view_func=lambda **kw: self_ref().send_static_file(**kw),  # type: ignore # noqa: B950
+                view_func=lambda **kw: self_ref().send_static_file(**kw),  # type: ignore
             )
 
     def get_send_file_max_age(self, filename: str | None) -> int | None:
@@ -295,7 +379,7 @@ class Flask(App):
 
         .. versionadded:: 0.9
         """
-        value = current_app.config["SEND_FILE_MAX_AGE_DEFAULT"]
+        value = self.config["SEND_FILE_MAX_AGE_DEFAULT"]
 
         if value is None:
             return None
@@ -503,7 +587,9 @@ class Flask(App):
 
         raise FormDataRoutingRedirect(request)
 
-    def update_template_context(self, context: dict[str, t.Any]) -> None:
+    def update_template_context(
+        self, ctx: AppContext, context: dict[str, t.Any]
+    ) -> None:
         """Update the template context with some commonly used variables.
         This injects request, session, config and g into the template
         context as well as everything template context processors want
@@ -517,8 +603,8 @@ class Flask(App):
         names: t.Iterable[str | None] = (None,)
 
         # A template may be rendered outside a request context.
-        if request:
-            names = chain(names, reversed(request.blueprints))
+        if ctx.has_request:
+            names = chain(names, reversed(ctx.request.blueprints))
 
         # The values passed to render_template take precedence. Keep a
         # copy to re-apply after all context functions.
@@ -742,7 +828,7 @@ class Flask(App):
         return cls(self, **kwargs)  # type: ignore
 
     def handle_http_exception(
-        self, e: HTTPException
+        self, ctx: AppContext, e: HTTPException
     ) -> HTTPException | ft.ResponseReturnValue:
         """Handles an HTTP exception.  By default this will invoke the
         registered error handlers and fall back to returning the
@@ -771,13 +857,13 @@ class Flask(App):
         if isinstance(e, RoutingException):
             return e
 
-        handler = self._find_error_handler(e, request.blueprints)
+        handler = self._find_error_handler(e, ctx.request.blueprints)
         if handler is None:
             return e
         return self.ensure_sync(handler)(e)  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
 
     def handle_user_exception(
-        self, e: Exception
+        self, ctx: AppContext, e: Exception
     ) -> HTTPException | ft.ResponseReturnValue:
         """This method is called whenever an exception occurs that
         should be handled. A special case is :class:`~werkzeug
@@ -799,16 +885,16 @@ class Flask(App):
             e.show_exception = True
 
         if isinstance(e, HTTPException) and not self.trap_http_exception(e):
-            return self.handle_http_exception(e)
+            return self.handle_http_exception(ctx, e)
 
-        handler = self._find_error_handler(e, request.blueprints)
+        handler = self._find_error_handler(e, ctx.request.blueprints)
 
         if handler is None:
             raise
 
         return self.ensure_sync(handler)(e)  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
 
-    def handle_exception(self, e: Exception) -> Response:
+    def handle_exception(self, ctx: AppContext, e: Exception) -> Response:
         """Handle an exception that did not have an error handler
         associated with it, or that was raised from an error handler.
         This always causes a 500 ``InternalServerError``.
@@ -851,19 +937,20 @@ class Flask(App):
 
             raise e
 
-        self.log_exception(exc_info)
+        self.log_exception(ctx, exc_info)
         server_error: InternalServerError | ft.ResponseReturnValue
         server_error = InternalServerError(original_exception=e)
-        handler = self._find_error_handler(server_error, request.blueprints)
+        handler = self._find_error_handler(server_error, ctx.request.blueprints)
 
         if handler is not None:
             server_error = self.ensure_sync(handler)(server_error)
 
-        return self.finalize_request(server_error, from_error_handler=True)
+        return self.finalize_request(ctx, server_error, from_error_handler=True)
 
     def log_exception(
         self,
-        exc_info: (tuple[type, BaseException, TracebackType] | tuple[None, None, None]),
+        ctx: AppContext,
+        exc_info: tuple[type, BaseException, TracebackType] | tuple[None, None, None],
     ) -> None:
         """Logs an exception.  This is called by :meth:`handle_exception`
         if debugging is disabled and right before the handler is called.
@@ -873,10 +960,10 @@ class Flask(App):
         .. versionadded:: 0.8
         """
         self.logger.error(
-            f"Exception on {request.path} [{request.method}]", exc_info=exc_info
+            f"Exception on {ctx.request.path} [{ctx.request.method}]", exc_info=exc_info
         )
 
-    def dispatch_request(self) -> ft.ResponseReturnValue:
+    def dispatch_request(self, ctx: AppContext) -> ft.ResponseReturnValue:
         """Does the request dispatching.  Matches the URL and returns the
         return value of the view or error handler.  This does not have to
         be a response object.  In order to convert the return value to a
@@ -886,7 +973,8 @@ class Flask(App):
            This no longer does the exception handling, this code was
            moved to the new :meth:`full_dispatch_request`.
         """
-        req = request_ctx.request
+        req = ctx.request
+
         if req.routing_exception is not None:
             self.raise_routing_exception(req)
         rule: Rule = req.url_rule  # type: ignore[assignment]
@@ -896,31 +984,43 @@ class Flask(App):
             getattr(rule, "provide_automatic_options", False)
             and req.method == "OPTIONS"
         ):
-            return self.make_default_options_response()
+            return self.make_default_options_response(ctx)
         # otherwise dispatch to the handler for that endpoint
         view_args: dict[str, t.Any] = req.view_args  # type: ignore[assignment]
         return self.ensure_sync(self.view_functions[rule.endpoint])(**view_args)  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
 
-    def full_dispatch_request(self) -> Response:
+    def full_dispatch_request(self, ctx: AppContext) -> Response:
         """Dispatches the request and on top of that performs request
         pre and postprocessing as well as HTTP exception catching and
         error handling.
 
         .. versionadded:: 0.7
         """
+        if not self._got_first_request and self.should_ignore_error is not None:
+            import warnings
+
+            warnings.warn(
+                "The 'should_ignore_error' method is deprecated and will"
+                " be removed in Flask 3.3. Handle errors as needed in"
+                " teardown handlers instead.",
+                DeprecationWarning,
+                stacklevel=1,
+            )
+
         self._got_first_request = True
 
         try:
             request_started.send(self, _async_wrapper=self.ensure_sync)
-            rv = self.preprocess_request()
+            rv = self.preprocess_request(ctx)
             if rv is None:
-                rv = self.dispatch_request()
+                rv = self.dispatch_request(ctx)
         except Exception as e:
-            rv = self.handle_user_exception(e)
-        return self.finalize_request(rv)
+            rv = self.handle_user_exception(ctx, e)
+        return self.finalize_request(ctx, rv)
 
     def finalize_request(
         self,
+        ctx: AppContext,
         rv: ft.ResponseReturnValue | HTTPException,
         from_error_handler: bool = False,
     ) -> Response:
@@ -938,7 +1038,7 @@ class Flask(App):
         """
         response = self.make_response(rv)
         try:
-            response = self.process_response(response)
+            response = self.process_response(ctx, response)
             request_finished.send(
                 self, _async_wrapper=self.ensure_sync, response=response
             )
@@ -950,15 +1050,14 @@ class Flask(App):
             )
         return response
 
-    def make_default_options_response(self) -> Response:
+    def make_default_options_response(self, ctx: AppContext) -> Response:
         """This method is called to create the default ``OPTIONS`` response.
         This can be changed through subclassing to change the default
         behavior of ``OPTIONS`` responses.
 
         .. versionadded:: 0.7
         """
-        adapter = request_ctx.url_adapter
-        methods = adapter.allowed_methods()  # type: ignore[union-attr]
+        methods = ctx.url_adapter.allowed_methods()  # type: ignore[union-attr]
         rv = self.response_class()
         rv.allow.update(methods)
         return rv
@@ -1057,11 +1156,9 @@ class Flask(App):
         .. versionadded:: 2.2
             Moved from ``flask.url_for``, which calls this method.
         """
-        req_ctx = _cv_request.get(None)
-
-        if req_ctx is not None:
-            url_adapter = req_ctx.url_adapter
-            blueprint_name = req_ctx.request.blueprint
+        if (ctx := _cv_app.get(None)) is not None and ctx.has_request:
+            url_adapter = ctx.url_adapter
+            blueprint_name = ctx.request.blueprint
 
             # If the endpoint starts with "." and the request matches a
             # blueprint, the endpoint is relative to the blueprint.
@@ -1076,13 +1173,11 @@ class Flask(App):
             if _external is None:
                 _external = _scheme is not None
         else:
-            app_ctx = _cv_app.get(None)
-
             # If called by helpers.url_for, an app context is active,
             # use its url_adapter. Otherwise, app.url_for was called
             # directly, build an adapter.
-            if app_ctx is not None:
-                url_adapter = app_ctx.url_adapter
+            if ctx is not None:
+                url_adapter = ctx.url_adapter
             else:
                 url_adapter = self.create_url_adapter(None)
 
@@ -1268,7 +1363,7 @@ class Flask(App):
 
         return rv
 
-    def preprocess_request(self) -> ft.ResponseReturnValue | None:
+    def preprocess_request(self, ctx: AppContext) -> ft.ResponseReturnValue | None:
         """Called before the request is dispatched. Calls
         :attr:`url_value_preprocessors` registered with the app and the
         current blueprint (if any). Then calls :attr:`before_request_funcs`
@@ -1278,12 +1373,13 @@ class Flask(App):
         value is handled as if it was the return value from the view, and
         further request handling is stopped.
         """
-        names = (None, *reversed(request.blueprints))
+        req = ctx.request
+        names = (None, *reversed(req.blueprints))
 
         for name in names:
             if name in self.url_value_preprocessors:
                 for url_func in self.url_value_preprocessors[name]:
-                    url_func(request.endpoint, request.view_args)
+                    url_func(req.endpoint, req.view_args)
 
         for name in names:
             if name in self.before_request_funcs:
@@ -1295,7 +1391,7 @@ class Flask(App):
 
         return None
 
-    def process_response(self, response: Response) -> Response:
+    def process_response(self, ctx: AppContext, response: Response) -> Response:
         """Can be overridden in order to modify the response object
         before it's sent to the WSGI server.  By default this will
         call all the :meth:`after_request` decorated functions.
@@ -1308,92 +1404,90 @@ class Flask(App):
         :return: a new response object or the same, has to be an
                  instance of :attr:`response_class`.
         """
-        ctx = request_ctx._get_current_object()  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
-
         for func in ctx._after_request_functions:
             response = self.ensure_sync(func)(response)
 
-        for name in chain(request.blueprints, (None,)):
+        for name in chain(ctx.request.blueprints, (None,)):
             if name in self.after_request_funcs:
                 for func in reversed(self.after_request_funcs[name]):
                     response = self.ensure_sync(func)(response)
 
-        if not self.session_interface.is_null_session(ctx.session):
-            self.session_interface.save_session(self, ctx.session, response)
+        if not self.session_interface.is_null_session(ctx._get_session()):
+            self.session_interface.save_session(self, ctx._get_session(), response)
 
         return response
 
     def do_teardown_request(
-        self,
-        exc: BaseException | None = _sentinel,  # type: ignore[assignment]
+        self, ctx: AppContext, exc: BaseException | None = None
     ) -> None:
-        """Called after the request is dispatched and the response is
-        returned, right before the request context is popped.
+        """Called after the request is dispatched and the response is finalized,
+        right before the request context is popped. Called by
+        :meth:`.AppContext.pop`.
 
-        This calls all functions decorated with
-        :meth:`teardown_request`, and :meth:`Blueprint.teardown_request`
-        if a blueprint handled the request. Finally, the
-        :data:`request_tearing_down` signal is sent.
+        This calls all functions decorated with :meth:`teardown_request`, and
+        :meth:`Blueprint.teardown_request` if a blueprint handled the request.
+        Finally, the :data:`request_tearing_down` signal is sent.
 
-        This is called by
-        :meth:`RequestContext.pop() <flask.ctx.RequestContext.pop>`,
-        which may be delayed during testing to maintain access to
-        resources.
+        :param exc: An unhandled exception raised while dispatching the request.
+            Passed to each teardown function.
 
-        :param exc: An unhandled exception raised while dispatching the
-            request. Detected from the current exception information if
-            not passed. Passed to each teardown function.
+        .. versionchanged:: 3.2
+            All callbacks are called rather than stopping on the first error.
 
         .. versionchanged:: 0.9
             Added the ``exc`` argument.
         """
-        if exc is _sentinel:
-            exc = sys.exc_info()[1]
+        collect_errors = _CollectErrors()
 
-        for name in chain(request.blueprints, (None,)):
+        for name in chain(ctx.request.blueprints, (None,)):
             if name in self.teardown_request_funcs:
                 for func in reversed(self.teardown_request_funcs[name]):
-                    self.ensure_sync(func)(exc)
+                    with collect_errors:
+                        self.ensure_sync(func)(exc)
 
-        request_tearing_down.send(self, _async_wrapper=self.ensure_sync, exc=exc)
+        with collect_errors:
+            request_tearing_down.send(self, _async_wrapper=self.ensure_sync, exc=exc)
+
+        collect_errors.raise_any("Errors during request teardown")
 
     def do_teardown_appcontext(
-        self,
-        exc: BaseException | None = _sentinel,  # type: ignore[assignment]
+        self, ctx: AppContext, exc: BaseException | None = None
     ) -> None:
-        """Called right before the application context is popped.
+        """Called right before the application context is popped. Called by
+        :meth:`.AppContext.pop`.
 
-        When handling a request, the application context is popped
-        after the request context. See :meth:`do_teardown_request`.
+        This calls all functions decorated with :meth:`teardown_appcontext`.
+        Then the :data:`appcontext_tearing_down` signal is sent.
 
-        This calls all functions decorated with
-        :meth:`teardown_appcontext`. Then the
-        :data:`appcontext_tearing_down` signal is sent.
+        :param exc: An unhandled exception raised while the context was active.
+            Passed to each teardown function.
 
-        This is called by
-        :meth:`AppContext.pop() <flask.ctx.AppContext.pop>`.
+        .. versionchanged:: 3.2
+            All callbacks are called rather than stopping on the first error.
 
         .. versionadded:: 0.9
         """
-        if exc is _sentinel:
-            exc = sys.exc_info()[1]
+        collect_errors = _CollectErrors()
 
         for func in reversed(self.teardown_appcontext_funcs):
-            self.ensure_sync(func)(exc)
+            with collect_errors:
+                self.ensure_sync(func)(exc)
 
-        appcontext_tearing_down.send(self, _async_wrapper=self.ensure_sync, exc=exc)
+        with collect_errors:
+            appcontext_tearing_down.send(self, _async_wrapper=self.ensure_sync, exc=exc)
+
+        collect_errors.raise_any("Errors during app teardown")
 
     def app_context(self) -> AppContext:
-        """Create an :class:`~flask.ctx.AppContext`. Use as a ``with``
-        block to push the context, which will make :data:`current_app`
-        point at this application.
+        """Create an :class:`.AppContext`. When the context is pushed,
+        :data:`.current_app` and :data:`.g` become available.
 
-        An application context is automatically pushed by
-        :meth:`RequestContext.push() <flask.ctx.RequestContext.push>`
-        when handling a request, and when running a CLI command. Use
-        this to manually create a context outside of these situations.
+        A context is automatically pushed when handling each request, and when
+        running any ``flask`` CLI command. Use this as a ``with`` block to
+        manually push a context outside of those situations, such as during
+        setup or testing.
 
-        ::
+        .. code-block:: python
 
             with app.app_context():
                 init_db()
@@ -1404,44 +1498,37 @@ class Flask(App):
         """
         return AppContext(self)
 
-    def request_context(self, environ: WSGIEnvironment) -> RequestContext:
-        """Create a :class:`~flask.ctx.RequestContext` representing a
-        WSGI environment. Use a ``with`` block to push the context,
-        which will make :data:`request` point at this request.
+    def request_context(self, environ: WSGIEnvironment) -> AppContext:
+        """Create an :class:`.AppContext` with request information representing
+        the given WSGI environment. A context is automatically pushed when
+        handling each request. When the context is pushed, :data:`.request`,
+        :data:`.session`, :data:`g:, and :data:`.current_app` become available.
 
-        See :doc:`/reqcontext`.
+        This method should not be used in your own code. Creating a valid WSGI
+        environ is not trivial. Use :meth:`test_request_context` to correctly
+        create a WSGI environ and request context instead.
 
-        Typically you should not call this from your own code. A request
-        context is automatically pushed by the :meth:`wsgi_app` when
-        handling a request. Use :meth:`test_request_context` to create
-        an environment and context instead of this method.
+        See :doc:`/appcontext`.
 
-        :param environ: a WSGI environment
+        :param environ: A WSGI environment.
         """
-        return RequestContext(self, environ)
+        return AppContext.from_environ(self, environ)
 
-    def test_request_context(self, *args: t.Any, **kwargs: t.Any) -> RequestContext:
-        """Create a :class:`~flask.ctx.RequestContext` for a WSGI
-        environment created from the given values. This is mostly useful
-        during testing, where you may want to run a function that uses
-        request data without dispatching a full request.
+    def test_request_context(self, *args: t.Any, **kwargs: t.Any) -> AppContext:
+        """Create an :class:`.AppContext` with request information created from
+        the given arguments. When the context is pushed, :data:`.request`,
+        :data:`.session`, :data:`g:, and :data:`.current_app` become available.
 
-        See :doc:`/reqcontext`.
+        This is useful during testing to run a function that uses request data
+        without dispatching a full request. Use this as a ``with`` block to push
+        a context.
 
-        Use a ``with`` block to push the context, which will make
-        :data:`request` point at the request for the created
-        environment. ::
+        .. code-block:: python
 
             with app.test_request_context(...):
                 generate_report()
 
-        When using the shell, it may be easier to push and pop the
-        context manually to avoid indentation. ::
-
-            ctx = app.test_request_context(...)
-            ctx.push()
-            ...
-            ctx.pop()
+        See :doc:`/appcontext`.
 
         Takes the same arguments as Werkzeug's
         :class:`~werkzeug.test.EnvironBuilder`, with some defaults from
@@ -1451,20 +1538,18 @@ class Flask(App):
         :param path: URL path being requested.
         :param base_url: Base URL where the app is being served, which
             ``path`` is relative to. If not given, built from
-            :data:`PREFERRED_URL_SCHEME`, ``subdomain``,
-            :data:`SERVER_NAME`, and :data:`APPLICATION_ROOT`.
-        :param subdomain: Subdomain name to append to
-            :data:`SERVER_NAME`.
+            :data:`PREFERRED_URL_SCHEME`, ``subdomain``, :data:`SERVER_NAME`,
+            and :data:`APPLICATION_ROOT`.
+        :param subdomain: Subdomain name to prepend to :data:`SERVER_NAME`.
         :param url_scheme: Scheme to use instead of
             :data:`PREFERRED_URL_SCHEME`.
-        :param data: The request body, either as a string or a dict of
-            form keys and values.
+        :param data: The request body text or bytes,or a dict of form data.
         :param json: If given, this is serialized as JSON and passed as
             ``data``. Also defaults ``content_type`` to
             ``application/json``.
-        :param args: other positional arguments passed to
+        :param args: Other positional arguments passed to
             :class:`~werkzeug.test.EnvironBuilder`.
-        :param kwargs: other keyword arguments passed to
+        :param kwargs: Other keyword arguments passed to
             :class:`~werkzeug.test.EnvironBuilder`.
         """
         from .testing import EnvironBuilder
@@ -1472,10 +1557,12 @@ class Flask(App):
         builder = EnvironBuilder(self, *args, **kwargs)
 
         try:
-            return self.request_context(builder.get_environ())
+            environ = builder.get_environ()
         finally:
             builder.close()
 
+        return self.request_context(environ)
+
     def wsgi_app(
         self, environ: WSGIEnvironment, start_response: StartResponse
     ) -> cabc.Iterable[bytes]:
@@ -1496,7 +1583,6 @@ class Flask(App):
             Teardown events for the request and app contexts are called
             even if an unhandled error occurs. Other events may not be
             called depending on when an error occurs during dispatch.
-            See :ref:`callbacks-and-errors`.
 
         :param environ: A WSGI environment.
         :param start_response: A callable accepting a status code,
@@ -1508,20 +1594,23 @@ class Flask(App):
         try:
             try:
                 ctx.push()
-                response = self.full_dispatch_request()
+                response = self.full_dispatch_request(ctx)
             except Exception as e:
                 error = e
-                response = self.handle_exception(e)
-            except:  # noqa: B001
+                response = self.handle_exception(ctx, e)
+            except:
                 error = sys.exc_info()[1]
                 raise
             return response(environ, start_response)
         finally:
             if "werkzeug.debug.preserve_context" in environ:
-                environ["werkzeug.debug.preserve_context"](_cv_app.get())
-                environ["werkzeug.debug.preserve_context"](_cv_request.get())
+                environ["werkzeug.debug.preserve_context"](ctx)
 
-            if error is not None and self.should_ignore_error(error):
+            if (
+                error is not None
+                and self.should_ignore_error is not None
+                and self.should_ignore_error(error)
+            ):
                 error = None
 
             ctx.pop(error)

src/flask/cli.py

@@ -468,7 +468,7 @@ _app_option = click.Option(
 def _set_debug(ctx: click.Context, param: click.Option, value: bool) -> bool | None:
     # If the flag isn't provided, it will default to False. Don't use
     # that, let debug be set by env in that case.
-    source = ctx.get_parameter_source(param.name)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+    source = ctx.get_parameter_source(param.name)
 
     if source is not None and source in (
         ParameterSource.DEFAULT,
@@ -601,15 +601,7 @@ class FlaskGroup(AppGroup):
         if self._loaded_plugin_commands:
             return
 
-        if sys.version_info >= (3, 10):
-            from importlib import metadata
-        else:
-            # Use a backport on Python < 3.10. We technically have
-            # importlib.metadata on 3.8+, but the API changed in 3.10,
-            # so use the backport for consistency.
-            import importlib_metadata as metadata  # pyright: ignore
-
-        for ep in metadata.entry_points(group="flask.commands"):
+        for ep in importlib.metadata.entry_points(group="flask.commands"):
             self.add_command(ep.load(), ep.name)
 
         self._loaded_plugin_commands = True
@@ -636,7 +628,7 @@ class FlaskGroup(AppGroup):
         # Push an app context for the loaded app unless it is already
         # active somehow. This makes the context available to parameter
         # and command callbacks without needing @with_appcontext.
-        if not current_app or current_app._get_current_object() is not app:  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+        if not current_app or current_app._get_current_object() is not app:
             ctx.with_resource(app.app_context())
 
         return app.cli.get_command(ctx, name)
@@ -785,7 +777,7 @@ def show_server_banner(debug: bool, app_import_path: str | None) -> None:
         click.echo(f" * Debug mode: {'on' if debug else 'off'}")
 
 
-class CertParamType(click.ParamType):
+class CertParamType(click.ParamType[t.Any]):
     """Click option type for the ``--cert`` option. Allows either an
     existing file, the string ``'adhoc'``, or an import for a
     :class:`~ssl.SSLContext` object.
@@ -811,7 +803,7 @@ class CertParamType(click.ParamType):
         try:
             return self.path_type(value, param, ctx)
         except click.BadParameter:
-            value = click.STRING(value, param, ctx).lower()
+            value = click.STRING(value, param, ctx).lower()  # type: ignore[union-attr]
 
             if value == "adhoc":
                 try:

src/flask/ctx.py

@@ -1,20 +1,21 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import contextvars
-import sys
 import typing as t
 from functools import update_wrapper
 from types import TracebackType
 
 from werkzeug.exceptions import HTTPException
+from werkzeug.routing import MapAdapter
 
 from . import typing as ft
 from .globals import _cv_app
-from .globals import _cv_request
+from .helpers import _CollectErrors
 from .signals import appcontext_popped
 from .signals import appcontext_pushed
 
-if t.TYPE_CHECKING:  # pragma: no cover
+if t.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    import typing_extensions as te
     from _typeshed.wsgi import WSGIEnvironment
 
     from .app import Flask
@@ -31,7 +32,7 @@ class _AppCtxGlobals:
     application context.
 
     Creating an app context automatically creates this object, which is
-    made available as the :data:`g` proxy.
+    made available as the :data:`.g` proxy.
 
     .. describe:: 'key' in g
 
@@ -117,29 +118,27 @@ class _AppCtxGlobals:
 def after_this_request(
     f: ft.AfterRequestCallable[t.Any],
 ) -> ft.AfterRequestCallable[t.Any]:
-    """Executes a function after this request.  This is useful to modify
-    response objects.  The function is passed the response object and has
-    to return the same or a new one.
+    """Decorate a function to run after the current request. The behavior is the
+    same as :meth:`.Flask.after_request`, except it only applies to the current
+    request, rather than every request. Therefore, it must be used within a
+    request context, rather than during setup.
 
-    Example::
+    .. code-block:: python
 
-        @app.route('/')
+        @app.route("/")
         def index():
             @after_this_request
             def add_header(response):
-                response.headers['X-Foo'] = 'Parachute'
+                response.headers["X-Foo"] = "Parachute"
                 return response
-            return 'Hello World!'
 
-    This is more useful if a function other than the view function wants to
-    modify a response.  For instance think of a decorator that wants to add
-    some headers without converting the return value into a response object.
+            return "Hello, World!"
 
     .. versionadded:: 0.9
     """
-    ctx = _cv_request.get(None)
+    ctx = _cv_app.get(None)
 
-    if ctx is None:
+    if ctx is None or not ctx.has_request:
         raise RuntimeError(
             "'after_this_request' can only be used when a request"
             " context is active, such as in a view function."
@@ -153,13 +152,27 @@ F = t.TypeVar("F", bound=t.Callable[..., t.Any])
 
 
 def copy_current_request_context(f: F) -> F:
-    """A helper function that decorates a function to retain the current
-    request context.  This is useful when working with greenlets.  The moment
-    the function is decorated a copy of the request context is created and
-    then pushed when the function is called.  The current session is also
-    included in the copied request context.
+    """Decorate a function to run inside the current request context. This can
+    be used when starting a background task, otherwise it will not see the app
+    and request objects that were active in the parent.
 
-    Example::
+    .. warning::
+
+        Due to the following caveats, it is often safer (and simpler) to pass
+        the data you need when starting the task, rather than using this and
+        relying on the context objects.
+
+    In order to avoid execution switching partially though reading data, either
+    read the request body (access ``form``, ``json``, ``data``, etc) before
+    starting the task, or use a lock. This can be an issue when using threading,
+    but shouldn't be an issue when using greenlet/gevent or asyncio.
+
+    If the task will access ``session``, be sure to do so in the parent as well
+    so that the ``Vary: cookie`` header will be set. Modifying ``session`` in
+    the task should be avoided, as it may execute after the response cookie has
+    already been written.
+
+    .. code-block:: python
 
         import gevent
         from flask import copy_current_request_context
@@ -176,59 +189,68 @@ def copy_current_request_context(f: F) -> F:
 
     .. versionadded:: 0.10
     """
-    ctx = _cv_request.get(None)
+    # Store the context that was active when the decorator was applied.
+    original = _cv_app.get(None)
 
-    if ctx is None:
+    if original is None:
         raise RuntimeError(
             "'copy_current_request_context' can only be used when a"
             " request context is active, such as in a view function."
         )
 
-    ctx = ctx.copy()
-
     def wrapper(*args: t.Any, **kwargs: t.Any) -> t.Any:
-        with ctx:
+        # Copy the context before pushing, so each worker acts independently.
+        with original.copy() as ctx:
             return ctx.app.ensure_sync(f)(*args, **kwargs)
 
     return update_wrapper(wrapper, f)  # type: ignore[return-value]
 
 
 def has_request_context() -> bool:
-    """If you have code that wants to test if a request context is there or
-    not this function can be used.  For instance, you may want to take advantage
-    of request information if the request object is available, but fail
-    silently if it is unavailable.
+    """Test if an app context is active and if it has request information.
 
-    ::
+    .. code-block:: python
 
-        class User(db.Model):
+        from flask import has_request_context, request
 
-            def __init__(self, username, remote_addr=None):
-                self.username = username
-                if remote_addr is None and has_request_context():
-                    remote_addr = request.remote_addr
-                self.remote_addr = remote_addr
+        if has_request_context():
+            remote_addr = request.remote_addr
 
-    Alternatively you can also just test any of the context bound objects
-    (such as :class:`request` or :class:`g`) for truthness::
+    If a request context is active, the :data:`.request` and :data:`.session`
+    context proxies will available and ``True``, otherwise ``False``. You can
+    use that to test the data you use, rather than using this function.
 
-        class User(db.Model):
+    .. code-block:: python
 
-            def __init__(self, username, remote_addr=None):
-                self.username = username
-                if remote_addr is None and request:
-                    remote_addr = request.remote_addr
-                self.remote_addr = remote_addr
+        from flask import request
+
+        if request:
+            remote_addr = request.remote_addr
 
     .. versionadded:: 0.7
     """
-    return _cv_request.get(None) is not None
+    return (ctx := _cv_app.get(None)) is not None and ctx.has_request
 
 
 def has_app_context() -> bool:
-    """Works like :func:`has_request_context` but for the application
-    context.  You can also just do a boolean check on the
-    :data:`current_app` object instead.
+    """Test if an app context is active. Unlike :func:`has_request_context`
+    this can be true outside a request, such as in a CLI command.
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        from flask import has_app_context, g
+
+        if has_app_context():
+            g.cached_data = ...
+
+    If an app context is active, the :data:`.g` and :data:`.current_app` context
+    proxies will available and ``True``, otherwise ``False``. You can use that
+    to test the data you use, rather than using this function.
+
+        from flask import g
+
+        if g:
+            g.cached_data = ...
 
     .. versionadded:: 0.9
     """
@@ -236,214 +258,283 @@ def has_app_context() -> bool:
 
 
 class AppContext:
-    """The app context contains application-specific information. An app
-    context is created and pushed at the beginning of each request if
-    one is not already active. An app context is also pushed when
-    running CLI commands.
-    """
+    """An app context contains information about an app, and about the request
+    when handling a request. A context is pushed at the beginning of each
+    request and CLI command, and popped at the end. The context is referred to
+    as a "request context" if it has request information, and an "app context"
+    if not.
 
-    def __init__(self, app: Flask) -> None:
-        self.app = app
-        self.url_adapter = app.create_url_adapter(None)
-        self.g: _AppCtxGlobals = app.app_ctx_globals_class()
-        self._cv_tokens: list[contextvars.Token[AppContext]] = []
+    Do not use this class directly. Use :meth:`.Flask.app_context` to create an
+    app context if needed during setup, and :meth:`.Flask.test_request_context`
+    to create a request context if needed during tests.
 
-    def push(self) -> None:
-        """Binds the app context to the current context."""
-        self._cv_tokens.append(_cv_app.set(self))
-        appcontext_pushed.send(self.app, _async_wrapper=self.app.ensure_sync)
+    When the context is popped, it will evaluate all the teardown functions
+    registered with :meth:`~flask.Flask.teardown_request` (if handling a
+    request) then :meth:`.Flask.teardown_appcontext`.
 
-    def pop(self, exc: BaseException | None = _sentinel) -> None:  # type: ignore
-        """Pops the app context."""
-        try:
-            if len(self._cv_tokens) == 1:
-                if exc is _sentinel:
-                    exc = sys.exc_info()[1]
-                self.app.do_teardown_appcontext(exc)
-        finally:
-            ctx = _cv_app.get()
-            _cv_app.reset(self._cv_tokens.pop())
+    When using the interactive debugger, the context will be restored so
+    ``request`` is still accessible. Similarly, the test client can preserve the
+    context after the request ends. However, teardown functions may already have
+    closed some resources such as database connections, and will run again when
+    the restored context is popped.
 
-        if ctx is not self:
-            raise AssertionError(
-                f"Popped wrong app context. ({ctx!r} instead of {self!r})"
-            )
+    :param app: The application this context represents.
+    :param request: The request data this context represents.
+    :param session: The session data this context represents. If not given,
+        loaded from the request on first access.
 
-        appcontext_popped.send(self.app, _async_wrapper=self.app.ensure_sync)
+    .. versionchanged:: 3.2
+        Merged with ``RequestContext``. The ``RequestContext`` alias will be
+        removed in Flask 4.0.
 
-    def __enter__(self) -> AppContext:
-        self.push()
-        return self
+    .. versionchanged:: 3.2
+        A combined app and request context is pushed for every request and CLI
+        command, rather than trying to detect if an app context is already
+        pushed.
 
-    def __exit__(
-        self,
-        exc_type: type | None,
-        exc_value: BaseException | None,
-        tb: TracebackType | None,
-    ) -> None:
-        self.pop(exc_value)
-
-
-class RequestContext:
-    """The request context contains per-request information. The Flask
-    app creates and pushes it at the beginning of the request, then pops
-    it at the end of the request. It will create the URL adapter and
-    request object for the WSGI environment provided.
-
-    Do not attempt to use this class directly, instead use
-    :meth:`~flask.Flask.test_request_context` and
-    :meth:`~flask.Flask.request_context` to create this object.
-
-    When the request context is popped, it will evaluate all the
-    functions registered on the application for teardown execution
-    (:meth:`~flask.Flask.teardown_request`).
-
-    The request context is automatically popped at the end of the
-    request. When using the interactive debugger, the context will be
-    restored so ``request`` is still accessible. Similarly, the test
-    client can preserve the context after the request ends. However,
-    teardown functions may already have closed some resources such as
-    database connections.
+    .. versionchanged:: 3.2
+        The session is loaded the first time it is accessed, rather than when
+        the context is pushed.
     """
 
     def __init__(
         self,
         app: Flask,
-        environ: WSGIEnvironment,
+        *,
         request: Request | None = None,
         session: SessionMixin | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         self.app = app
-        if request is None:
-            request = app.request_class(environ)
-            request.json_module = app.json
-        self.request: Request = request
-        self.url_adapter = None
-        try:
-            self.url_adapter = app.create_url_adapter(self.request)
-        except HTTPException as e:
-            self.request.routing_exception = e
-        self.flashes: list[tuple[str, str]] | None = None
-        self.session: SessionMixin | None = session
-        # Functions that should be executed after the request on the response
-        # object.  These will be called before the regular "after_request"
-        # functions.
+        """The application represented by this context. Accessed through
+        :data:`.current_app`.
+        """
+
+        self.g: _AppCtxGlobals = app.app_ctx_globals_class()
+        """The global data for this context. Accessed through :data:`.g`."""
+
+        self.url_adapter: MapAdapter | None = None
+        """The URL adapter bound to the request, or the app if not in a request.
+        May be ``None`` if binding failed.
+        """
+
+        self._request: Request | None = request
+        self._session: SessionMixin | None = session
+        self._flashes: list[tuple[str, str]] | None = None
         self._after_request_functions: list[ft.AfterRequestCallable[t.Any]] = []
 
-        self._cv_tokens: list[
-            tuple[contextvars.Token[RequestContext], AppContext | None]
-        ] = []
+        try:
+            self.url_adapter = app.create_url_adapter(self._request)
+        except HTTPException as e:
+            if self._request is not None:
+                self._request.routing_exception = e
 
-    def copy(self) -> RequestContext:
-        """Creates a copy of this request context with the same request object.
-        This can be used to move a request context to a different greenlet.
-        Because the actual request object is the same this cannot be used to
-        move a request context to a different thread unless access to the
-        request object is locked.
+        self._cv_token: contextvars.Token[AppContext] | None = None
+        """The previous state to restore when popping."""
 
-        .. versionadded:: 0.10
+        self._push_count: int = 0
+        """Track nested pushes of this context. Cleanup will only run once the
+        original push has been popped.
+        """
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_environ(cls, app: Flask, environ: WSGIEnvironment, /) -> te.Self:
+        """Create an app context with request data from the given WSGI environ.
+
+        :param app: The application this context represents.
+        :param environ: The request data this context represents.
+        """
+        request = app.request_class(environ)
+        request.json_module = app.json
+        return cls(app, request=request)
+
+    @property
+    def has_request(self) -> bool:
+        """True if this context was created with request data."""
+        return self._request is not None
+
+    def copy(self) -> te.Self:
+        """Create a new context with the same data objects as this context. See
+        :func:`.copy_current_request_context`.
 
         .. versionchanged:: 1.1
-           The current session object is used instead of reloading the original
-           data. This prevents `flask.session` pointing to an out-of-date object.
+            The current session data is used instead of reloading the original data.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.10
         """
         return self.__class__(
             self.app,
-            environ=self.request.environ,
-            request=self.request,
-            session=self.session,
+            request=self._request,
+            session=self._session,
         )
 
+    @property
+    def request(self) -> Request:
+        """The request object associated with this context. Accessed through
+        :data:`.request`. Only available in request contexts, otherwise raises
+        :exc:`RuntimeError`.
+        """
+        if self._request is None:
+            raise RuntimeError("There is no request in this context.")
+
+        return self._request
+
+    def _get_session(self) -> SessionMixin:
+        """Open the session if it is not already open for this request context."""
+        if self._request is None:
+            raise RuntimeError("There is no request in this context.")
+
+        if self._session is None:
+            si = self.app.session_interface
+            self._session = si.open_session(self.app, self.request)
+
+            if self._session is None:
+                self._session = si.make_null_session(self.app)
+
+        return self._session
+
+    @property
+    def session(self) -> SessionMixin:
+        """The session object associated with this context. Accessed through
+        :data:`.session`. Only available in request contexts, otherwise raises
+        :exc:`RuntimeError`. Accessing this sets :attr:`.SessionMixin.accessed`.
+        """
+        session = self._get_session()
+        session.accessed = True
+        return session
+
     def match_request(self) -> None:
-        """Can be overridden by a subclass to hook into the matching
-        of the request.
+        """Apply routing to the current request, storing either the matched
+        endpoint and args, or a routing exception.
         """
         try:
-            result = self.url_adapter.match(return_rule=True)  # type: ignore
-            self.request.url_rule, self.request.view_args = result  # type: ignore
+            result = self.url_adapter.match(return_rule=True)  # type: ignore[union-attr]
         except HTTPException as e:
-            self.request.routing_exception = e
+            self._request.routing_exception = e  # type: ignore[union-attr]
+        else:
+            self._request.url_rule, self._request.view_args = result  # type: ignore[union-attr]
 
     def push(self) -> None:
-        # Before we push the request context we have to ensure that there
-        # is an application context.
-        app_ctx = _cv_app.get(None)
+        """Push this context so that it is the active context. If this is a
+        request context, calls :meth:`match_request` to perform routing with
+        the context active.
 
-        if app_ctx is None or app_ctx.app is not self.app:
-            app_ctx = self.app.app_context()
-            app_ctx.push()
-        else:
-            app_ctx = None
+        Typically, this is not used directly. Instead, use a ``with`` block
+        to manage the context.
 
-        self._cv_tokens.append((_cv_request.set(self), app_ctx))
+        In some situations, such as streaming or testing, the context may be
+        pushed multiple times. It will only trigger matching and signals if it
+        is not currently pushed.
+        """
+        self._push_count += 1
 
-        # Open the session at the moment that the request context is available.
-        # This allows a custom open_session method to use the request context.
-        # Only open a new session if this is the first time the request was
-        # pushed, otherwise stream_with_context loses the session.
-        if self.session is None:
-            session_interface = self.app.session_interface
-            self.session = session_interface.open_session(self.app, self.request)
+        if self._cv_token is not None:
+            return
 
-            if self.session is None:
-                self.session = session_interface.make_null_session(self.app)
+        self._cv_token = _cv_app.set(self)
+        appcontext_pushed.send(self.app, _async_wrapper=self.app.ensure_sync)
 
-        # Match the request URL after loading the session, so that the
-        # session is available in custom URL converters.
-        if self.url_adapter is not None:
-            self.match_request()
+        if self._request is not None:
+            # Open the session at the moment that the request context is available.
+            # This allows a custom open_session method to use the request context.
+            self._get_session()
 
-    def pop(self, exc: BaseException | None = _sentinel) -> None:  # type: ignore
-        """Pops the request context and unbinds it by doing that.  This will
-        also trigger the execution of functions registered by the
-        :meth:`~flask.Flask.teardown_request` decorator.
+            # Match the request URL after loading the session, so that the
+            # session is available in custom URL converters.
+            if self.url_adapter is not None:
+                self.match_request()
+
+    def pop(self, exc: BaseException | None = None) -> None:
+        """Pop this context so that it is no longer the active context. Then
+        call teardown functions and signals.
+
+        Typically, this is not used directly. Instead, use a ``with`` block
+        to manage the context.
+
+        This context must currently be the active context, otherwise a
+        :exc:`RuntimeError` is raised. In some situations, such as streaming or
+        testing, the context may have been pushed multiple times. It will only
+        trigger cleanup once it has been popped as many times as it was pushed.
+        Until then, it will remain the active context.
+
+        :param exc: An unhandled exception that was raised while the context was
+            active. Passed to teardown functions.
 
         .. versionchanged:: 0.9
-           Added the `exc` argument.
+            Added the ``exc`` argument.
         """
-        clear_request = len(self._cv_tokens) == 1
+        if self._cv_token is None:
+            raise RuntimeError(f"Cannot pop this context ({self!r}), it is not pushed.")
 
-        try:
-            if clear_request:
-                if exc is _sentinel:
-                    exc = sys.exc_info()[1]
-                self.app.do_teardown_request(exc)
+        ctx = _cv_app.get(None)
 
-                request_close = getattr(self.request, "close", None)
-                if request_close is not None:
-                    request_close()
-        finally:
-            ctx = _cv_request.get()
-            token, app_ctx = self._cv_tokens.pop()
-            _cv_request.reset(token)
+        if ctx is None or self._cv_token is None:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                f"Cannot pop this context ({self!r}), there is no active context."
+            )
 
-            # get rid of circular dependencies at the end of the request
-            # so that we don't require the GC to be active.
-            if clear_request:
-                ctx.request.environ["werkzeug.request"] = None
+        if ctx is not self:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                f"Cannot pop this context ({self!r}), it is not the active"
+                f" context ({ctx!r})."
+            )
 
-            if app_ctx is not None:
-                app_ctx.pop(exc)
+        self._push_count -= 1
 
-            if ctx is not self:
-                raise AssertionError(
-                    f"Popped wrong request context. ({ctx!r} instead of {self!r})"
-                )
+        if self._push_count > 0:
+            return
 
-    def __enter__(self) -> RequestContext:
+        collect_errors = _CollectErrors()
+
+        if self._request is not None:
+            with collect_errors:
+                self.app.do_teardown_request(self, exc)
+
+            with collect_errors:
+                self._request.close()
+
+        with collect_errors:
+            self.app.do_teardown_appcontext(self, exc)
+
+        _cv_app.reset(self._cv_token)
+        self._cv_token = None
+
+        with collect_errors:
+            appcontext_popped.send(self.app, _async_wrapper=self.app.ensure_sync)
+
+        collect_errors.raise_any("Errors during context teardown")
+
+    def __enter__(self) -> te.Self:
         self.push()
         return self
 
     def __exit__(
         self,
-        exc_type: type | None,
+        exc_type: type[BaseException] | None,
         exc_value: BaseException | None,
         tb: TracebackType | None,
     ) -> None:
         self.pop(exc_value)
 
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
-        return (
-            f"<{type(self).__name__} {self.request.url!r}"
-            f" [{self.request.method}] of {self.app.name}>"
+        if self._request is not None:
+            return (
+                f"<{type(self).__name__} {id(self)} of {self.app.name},"
+                f" {self.request.method} {self.request.url!r}>"
+            )
+
+        return f"<{type(self).__name__} {id(self)} of {self.app.name}>"
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> t.Any:
+    import warnings
+
+    if name == "RequestContext":
+        warnings.warn(
+            "'RequestContext' has merged with 'AppContext', and will be removed"
+            " in Flask 4.0. Use 'AppContext' instead.",
+            DeprecationWarning,
+            stacklevel=2,
         )
+        return AppContext
+
+    raise AttributeError(name)

src/flask/debughelpers.py

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ from jinja2.loaders import BaseLoader
 from werkzeug.routing import RequestRedirect
 
 from .blueprints import Blueprint
-from .globals import request_ctx
+from .globals import _cv_app
 from .sansio.app import App
 
 if t.TYPE_CHECKING:
@@ -136,8 +136,9 @@ def explain_template_loading_attempts(
     info = [f"Locating template {template!r}:"]
     total_found = 0
     blueprint = None
-    if request_ctx and request_ctx.request.blueprint is not None:
-        blueprint = request_ctx.request.blueprint
+
+    if (ctx := _cv_app.get(None)) is not None and ctx.has_request:
+        blueprint = ctx.request.blueprint
 
     for idx, (loader, srcobj, triple) in enumerate(attempts):
         if isinstance(srcobj, App):

src/flask/globals.py

@@ -9,43 +9,69 @@ if t.TYPE_CHECKING:  # pragma: no cover
     from .app import Flask
     from .ctx import _AppCtxGlobals
     from .ctx import AppContext
-    from .ctx import RequestContext
     from .sessions import SessionMixin
     from .wrappers import Request
 
+    T = t.TypeVar("T", covariant=True)
+
+    class ProxyMixin(t.Protocol[T]):
+        def _get_current_object(self) -> T: ...
+
+    # These subclasses inform type checkers that the proxy objects look like the
+    # proxied type along with the _get_current_object method.
+    class FlaskProxy(ProxyMixin[Flask], Flask): ...
+
+    class AppContextProxy(ProxyMixin[AppContext], AppContext): ...
+
+    class _AppCtxGlobalsProxy(ProxyMixin[_AppCtxGlobals], _AppCtxGlobals): ...
+
+    class RequestProxy(ProxyMixin[Request], Request): ...
+
+    class SessionMixinProxy(ProxyMixin[SessionMixin], SessionMixin): ...
+
 
 _no_app_msg = """\
 Working outside of application context.
 
-This typically means that you attempted to use functionality that needed
-the current application. To solve this, set up an application context
-with app.app_context(). See the documentation for more information.\
+Attempted to use functionality that expected a current application to be set. To
+solve this, set up an app context using 'with app.app_context()'. See the
+documentation on app context for more information.\
 """
 _cv_app: ContextVar[AppContext] = ContextVar("flask.app_ctx")
-app_ctx: AppContext = LocalProxy(  # type: ignore[assignment]
+app_ctx: AppContextProxy = LocalProxy(  # type: ignore[assignment]
     _cv_app, unbound_message=_no_app_msg
 )
-current_app: Flask = LocalProxy(  # type: ignore[assignment]
+current_app: FlaskProxy = LocalProxy(  # type: ignore[assignment]
     _cv_app, "app", unbound_message=_no_app_msg
 )
-g: _AppCtxGlobals = LocalProxy(  # type: ignore[assignment]
+g: _AppCtxGlobalsProxy = LocalProxy(  # type: ignore[assignment]
     _cv_app, "g", unbound_message=_no_app_msg
 )
 
 _no_req_msg = """\
 Working outside of request context.
 
-This typically means that you attempted to use functionality that needed
-an active HTTP request. Consult the documentation on testing for
-information about how to avoid this problem.\
+Attempted to use functionality that expected an active HTTP request. See the
+documentation on request context for more information.\
 """
-_cv_request: ContextVar[RequestContext] = ContextVar("flask.request_ctx")
-request_ctx: RequestContext = LocalProxy(  # type: ignore[assignment]
-    _cv_request, unbound_message=_no_req_msg
+request: RequestProxy = LocalProxy(  # type: ignore[assignment]
+    _cv_app, "request", unbound_message=_no_req_msg
 )
-request: Request = LocalProxy(  # type: ignore[assignment]
-    _cv_request, "request", unbound_message=_no_req_msg
-)
-session: SessionMixin = LocalProxy(  # type: ignore[assignment]
-    _cv_request, "session", unbound_message=_no_req_msg
+session: SessionMixinProxy = LocalProxy(  # type: ignore[assignment]
+    _cv_app, "session", unbound_message=_no_req_msg
 )
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> t.Any:
+    import warnings
+
+    if name == "request_ctx":
+        warnings.warn(
+            "'request_ctx' has merged with 'app_ctx', and will be removed"
+            " in Flask 4.0. Use 'app_ctx' instead.",
+            DeprecationWarning,
+            stacklevel=2,
+        )
+        return app_ctx
+
+    raise AttributeError(name)

src/flask/helpers.py

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import typing as t
 from datetime import datetime
 from functools import cache
 from functools import update_wrapper
+from types import TracebackType
 
 import werkzeug.utils
 from werkzeug.exceptions import abort as _wz_abort
@@ -14,10 +15,9 @@ from werkzeug.utils import redirect as _wz_redirect
 from werkzeug.wrappers import Response as BaseResponse
 
 from .globals import _cv_app
-from .globals import _cv_request
+from .globals import app_ctx
 from .globals import current_app
 from .globals import request
-from .globals import request_ctx
 from .globals import session
 from .signals import message_flashed
 
@@ -64,10 +64,22 @@ def stream_with_context(
     generator_or_function: t.Iterator[t.AnyStr] | t.Callable[..., t.Iterator[t.AnyStr]],
 ) -> t.Iterator[t.AnyStr] | t.Callable[[t.Iterator[t.AnyStr]], t.Iterator[t.AnyStr]]:
     """Wrap a response generator function so that it runs inside the current
-    request context. This keeps :data:`request`, :data:`session`, and :data:`g`
+    request context. This keeps :data:`.request`, :data:`.session`, and :data:`.g`
     available, even though at the point the generator runs the request context
     will typically have ended.
 
+    .. warning::
+
+        Due to the following caveat, it is often safer to pass the data you
+        need as arguments to the generator, rather than relying on the context
+        objects.
+
+    More headers cannot be sent after the body has begun. Therefore, you must
+    make sure all headers are set before starting the response. In particular,
+    if the generator will access ``session``, be sure to do so in the view as
+    well so that the ``Vary: cookie`` header will be set. Do not modify the
+    session in the generator, as the ``Set-Cookie`` header will already be sent.
+
     Use it as a decorator on a generator function:
 
     .. code-block:: python
@@ -112,22 +124,15 @@ def stream_with_context(
         return update_wrapper(decorator, generator_or_function)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
 
     def generator() -> t.Iterator[t.AnyStr]:
-        if (req_ctx := _cv_request.get(None)) is None:
+        if (ctx := _cv_app.get(None)) is None:
             raise RuntimeError(
                 "'stream_with_context' can only be used when a request"
                 " context is active, such as in a view function."
             )
 
-        app_ctx = _cv_app.get()
-        # Setup code below will run the generator to this point, so that the
-        # current contexts are recorded. The contexts must be pushed after,
-        # otherwise their ContextVar will record the wrong event loop during
-        # async view functions.
-        yield None  # type: ignore[misc]
+        with ctx:
+            yield None  # type: ignore[misc]
 
-        # Push the app context first, so that the request context does not
-        # automatically create and push a different app context.
-        with app_ctx, req_ctx:
             try:
                 yield from gen
             finally:
@@ -135,9 +140,9 @@ def stream_with_context(
                 if hasattr(gen, "close"):
                     gen.close()
 
-    # Execute the generator to the sentinel value. This ensures the context is
-    # preserved in the generator's state. Further iteration will push the
-    # context and yield from the original iterator.
+    # Execute the generator to the sentinel value. This captures the current
+    # context and pushes it to preserve it. Further iteration will yield from
+    # the original iterator.
     wrapped_g = generator()
     next(wrapped_g)
     return wrapped_g
@@ -247,7 +252,7 @@ def url_for(
 
 
 def redirect(
-    location: str, code: int = 302, Response: type[BaseResponse] | None = None
+    location: str, code: int = 303, Response: type[BaseResponse] | None = None
 ) -> BaseResponse:
     """Create a redirect response object.
 
@@ -260,12 +265,15 @@ def redirect(
     :param Response: The response class to use. Not used when
         ``current_app`` is active, which uses ``app.response_class``.
 
+    .. versionchanged:: 3.2
+        ``code`` defaults to ``303`` instead of ``302``.
+
     .. versionadded:: 2.2
         Calls ``current_app.redirect`` if available instead of always
         using Werkzeug's default ``redirect``.
     """
-    if current_app:
-        return current_app.redirect(location, code=code)
+    if (ctx := _cv_app.get(None)) is not None:
+        return ctx.app.redirect(location, code=code)
 
     return _wz_redirect(location, code=code, Response=Response)
 
@@ -287,8 +295,8 @@ def abort(code: int | BaseResponse, *args: t.Any, **kwargs: t.Any) -> t.NoReturn
         Calls ``current_app.aborter`` if available instead of always
         using Werkzeug's default ``abort``.
     """
-    if current_app:
-        current_app.aborter(code, *args, **kwargs)
+    if (ctx := _cv_app.get(None)) is not None:
+        ctx.app.aborter(code, *args, **kwargs)
 
     _wz_abort(code, *args, **kwargs)
 
@@ -340,7 +348,7 @@ def flash(message: str, category: str = "message") -> None:
     flashes = session.get("_flashes", [])
     flashes.append((category, message))
     session["_flashes"] = flashes
-    app = current_app._get_current_object()  # type: ignore
+    app = current_app._get_current_object()
     message_flashed.send(
         app,
         _async_wrapper=app.ensure_sync,
@@ -380,10 +388,10 @@ def get_flashed_messages(
     :param category_filter: filter of categories to limit return values.  Only
                             categories in the list will be returned.
     """
-    flashes = request_ctx.flashes
+    flashes = app_ctx._flashes
     if flashes is None:
         flashes = session.pop("_flashes") if "_flashes" in session else []
-        request_ctx.flashes = flashes
+        app_ctx._flashes = flashes
     if category_filter:
         flashes = list(filter(lambda f: f[0] in category_filter, flashes))
     if not with_categories:
@@ -392,14 +400,16 @@ def get_flashed_messages(
 
 
 def _prepare_send_file_kwargs(**kwargs: t.Any) -> dict[str, t.Any]:
+    ctx = app_ctx._get_current_object()
+
     if kwargs.get("max_age") is None:
-        kwargs["max_age"] = current_app.get_send_file_max_age
+        kwargs["max_age"] = ctx.app.get_send_file_max_age
 
     kwargs.update(
-        environ=request.environ,
-        use_x_sendfile=current_app.config["USE_X_SENDFILE"],
-        response_class=current_app.response_class,
-        _root_path=current_app.root_path,
+        environ=ctx.request.environ,
+        use_x_sendfile=ctx.app.config["USE_X_SENDFILE"],
+        response_class=ctx.app.response_class,
+        _root_path=ctx.app.root_path,
     )
     return kwargs
 
@@ -639,3 +649,34 @@ def _split_blueprint_path(name: str) -> list[str]:
         out.extend(_split_blueprint_path(name.rpartition(".")[0]))
 
     return out
+
+
+class _CollectErrors:
+    """A context manager that records and silences an error raised within it.
+    Used to run all teardown functions, then raise any errors afterward.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        self.errors: list[BaseException] = []
+
+    def __enter__(self) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    def __exit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: type[BaseException] | None,
+        exc_val: BaseException | None,
+        exc_tb: TracebackType | None,
+    ) -> bool:
+        if exc_val is not None:
+            self.errors.append(exc_val)
+
+        return True
+
+    def raise_any(self, message: str) -> None:
+        """Raise if any errors were collected."""
+        if self.errors:
+            if sys.version_info >= (3, 11):
+                raise BaseExceptionGroup(message, self.errors)  # noqa: F821
+            else:
+                raise self.errors[0]

src/flask/json/__init__.py

@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ def jsonify(*args: t.Any, **kwargs: t.Any) -> Response:
     mimetype. A dict or list returned from a view will be converted to a
     JSON response automatically without needing to call this.
 
-    This requires an active request or application context, and calls
+    This requires an active app context, and calls
     :meth:`app.json.response() <flask.json.provider.JSONProvider.response>`.
 
     In debug mode, the output is formatted with indentation to make it

src/flask/json/provider.py

@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ class DefaultJSONProvider(JSONProvider):
         method) will call the ``__html__`` method to get a string.
     """
 
-    default: t.Callable[[t.Any], t.Any] = staticmethod(_default)  # type: ignore[assignment]
+    default: t.Callable[[t.Any], t.Any] = staticmethod(_default)
     """Apply this function to any object that :meth:`json.dumps` does
     not know how to serialize. It should return a valid JSON type or
     raise a ``TypeError``.

src/flask/sansio/app.py

@@ -177,11 +177,8 @@ class App(Scaffold):
     #: 3. Return None instead of AttributeError on unexpected attributes.
     #: 4. Raise exception if an unexpected attr is set, a "controlled" flask.g.
     #:
-    #: In Flask 0.9 this property was called `request_globals_class` but it
-    #: was changed in 0.10 to :attr:`app_ctx_globals_class` because the
-    #: flask.g object is now application context scoped.
-    #:
     #: .. versionadded:: 0.10
+    #:     Renamed from ``request_globals_class`.
     app_ctx_globals_class = _AppCtxGlobals
 
     #: The class that is used for the ``config`` attribute of this app.
@@ -213,7 +210,7 @@ class App(Scaffold):
     #:
     #: This attribute can also be configured from the config with the
     #: :data:`SECRET_KEY` configuration key. Defaults to ``None``.
-    secret_key = ConfigAttribute[t.Union[str, bytes, None]]("SECRET_KEY")
+    secret_key = ConfigAttribute[str | bytes | None]("SECRET_KEY")
 
     #: A :class:`~datetime.timedelta` which is used to set the expiration
     #: date of a permanent session.  The default is 31 days which makes a
@@ -533,10 +530,13 @@ class App(Scaffold):
         """
         return DispatchingJinjaLoader(self)
 
-    def select_jinja_autoescape(self, filename: str) -> bool:
+    def select_jinja_autoescape(self, filename: str | None) -> bool:
         """Returns ``True`` if autoescaping should be active for the given
         template name. If no template name is given, returns `True`.
 
+        .. versionchanged:: 3.2
+            Use case-insensitive comparison instead of only lower case.
+
         .. versionchanged:: 2.2
             Autoescaping is now enabled by default for ``.svg`` files.
 
@@ -544,7 +544,7 @@ class App(Scaffold):
         """
         if filename is None:
             return True
-        return filename.endswith((".html", ".htm", ".xml", ".xhtml", ".svg"))
+        return filename.lower().endswith((".html", ".htm", ".xml", ".xhtml", ".svg"))
 
     @property
     def debug(self) -> bool:
@@ -630,19 +630,19 @@ class App(Scaffold):
         # Methods that should always be added
         required_methods: set[str] = set(getattr(view_func, "required_methods", ()))
 
-        # starting with Flask 0.8 the view_func object can disable and
-        # force-enable the automatic options handling.
         if provide_automatic_options is None:
             provide_automatic_options = getattr(
                 view_func, "provide_automatic_options", None
             )
 
-        if provide_automatic_options is None:
-            if "OPTIONS" not in methods and self.config["PROVIDE_AUTOMATIC_OPTIONS"]:
-                provide_automatic_options = True
-                required_methods.add("OPTIONS")
-            else:
-                provide_automatic_options = False
+            if provide_automatic_options is None:
+                provide_automatic_options = (
+                    "OPTIONS" not in methods
+                    and self.config["PROVIDE_AUTOMATIC_OPTIONS"]
+                )
+
+        if provide_automatic_options:
+            required_methods.add("OPTIONS")
 
         # Add the required methods now.
         methods |= required_methods
@@ -660,21 +660,34 @@ class App(Scaffold):
                 )
             self.view_functions[endpoint] = view_func
 
-    @setupmethod
+    @t.overload
+    def template_filter(self, name: T_template_filter) -> T_template_filter: ...
+    @t.overload
     def template_filter(
         self, name: str | None = None
-    ) -> t.Callable[[T_template_filter], T_template_filter]:
-        """A decorator that is used to register custom template filter.
-        You can specify a name for the filter, otherwise the function
-        name will be used. Example::
+    ) -> t.Callable[[T_template_filter], T_template_filter]: ...
+    @setupmethod
+    def template_filter(
+        self, name: T_template_filter | str | None = None
+    ) -> T_template_filter | t.Callable[[T_template_filter], T_template_filter]:
+        """Decorate a function to register it as a custom Jinja filter. The name
+        is optional. The decorator may be used without parentheses.
 
-          @app.template_filter()
-          def reverse(s):
-              return s[::-1]
+        .. code-block:: python
 
-        :param name: the optional name of the filter, otherwise the
-                     function name will be used.
+            @app.template_filter("reverse")
+            def reverse_filter(s):
+                return reversed(s)
+
+        The :meth:`add_template_filter` method may be used to register a
+        function later rather than decorating.
+
+        :param name: The name to register the filter as. If not given, uses the
+            function's name.
         """
+        if callable(name):
+            self.add_template_filter(name)
+            return name
 
         def decorator(f: T_template_filter) -> T_template_filter:
             self.add_template_filter(f, name=name)
@@ -686,36 +699,52 @@ class App(Scaffold):
     def add_template_filter(
         self, f: ft.TemplateFilterCallable, name: str | None = None
     ) -> None:
-        """Register a custom template filter.  Works exactly like the
-        :meth:`template_filter` decorator.
+        """Register a function to use as a custom Jinja filter.
 
-        :param name: the optional name of the filter, otherwise the
-                     function name will be used.
+        The :meth:`template_filter` decorator can be used to register a function
+        by decorating instead.
+
+        :param f: The function to register.
+        :param name: The name to register the filter as. If not given, uses the
+            function's name.
         """
         self.jinja_env.filters[name or f.__name__] = f
 
-    @setupmethod
+    @t.overload
+    def template_test(self, name: T_template_test) -> T_template_test: ...
+    @t.overload
     def template_test(
         self, name: str | None = None
-    ) -> t.Callable[[T_template_test], T_template_test]:
-        """A decorator that is used to register custom template test.
-        You can specify a name for the test, otherwise the function
-        name will be used. Example::
+    ) -> t.Callable[[T_template_test], T_template_test]: ...
+    @setupmethod
+    def template_test(
+        self, name: T_template_test | str | None = None
+    ) -> T_template_test | t.Callable[[T_template_test], T_template_test]:
+        """Decorate a function to register it as a custom Jinja test. The name
+        is optional. The decorator may be used without parentheses.
 
-          @app.template_test()
-          def is_prime(n):
-              if n == 2:
-                  return True
-              for i in range(2, int(math.ceil(math.sqrt(n))) + 1):
-                  if n % i == 0:
-                      return False
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            @app.template_test("prime")
+            def is_prime_test(n):
+                if n == 2:
+                    return True
+                for i in range(2, int(math.ceil(math.sqrt(n))) + 1):
+                    if n % i == 0:
+                        return False
               return True
 
-        .. versionadded:: 0.10
+        The :meth:`add_template_test` method may be used to register a function
+        later rather than decorating.
 
-        :param name: the optional name of the test, otherwise the
-                     function name will be used.
+        :param name: The name to register the filter as. If not given, uses the
+            function's name.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.10
         """
+        if callable(name):
+            self.add_template_test(name)
+            return name
 
         def decorator(f: T_template_test) -> T_template_test:
             self.add_template_test(f, name=name)
@@ -727,33 +756,49 @@ class App(Scaffold):
     def add_template_test(
         self, f: ft.TemplateTestCallable, name: str | None = None
     ) -> None:
-        """Register a custom template test.  Works exactly like the
-        :meth:`template_test` decorator.
+        """Register a function to use as a custom Jinja test.
+
+        The :meth:`template_test` decorator can be used to register a function
+        by decorating instead.
+
+        :param f: The function to register.
+        :param name: The name to register the test as. If not given, uses the
+            function's name.
 
         .. versionadded:: 0.10
-
-        :param name: the optional name of the test, otherwise the
-                     function name will be used.
         """
         self.jinja_env.tests[name or f.__name__] = f
 
-    @setupmethod
+    @t.overload
+    def template_global(self, name: T_template_global) -> T_template_global: ...
+    @t.overload
     def template_global(
         self, name: str | None = None
-    ) -> t.Callable[[T_template_global], T_template_global]:
-        """A decorator that is used to register a custom template global function.
-        You can specify a name for the global function, otherwise the function
-        name will be used. Example::
+    ) -> t.Callable[[T_template_global], T_template_global]: ...
+    @setupmethod
+    def template_global(
+        self, name: T_template_global | str | None = None
+    ) -> T_template_global | t.Callable[[T_template_global], T_template_global]:
+        """Decorate a function to register it as a custom Jinja global. The name
+        is optional. The decorator may be used without parentheses.
 
-            @app.template_global()
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            @app.template_global
             def double(n):
                 return 2 * n
 
-        .. versionadded:: 0.10
+        The :meth:`add_template_global` method may be used to register a
+        function later rather than decorating.
 
-        :param name: the optional name of the global function, otherwise the
-                     function name will be used.
+        :param name: The name to register the global as. If not given, uses the
+            function's name.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.10
         """
+        if callable(name):
+            self.add_template_global(name)
+            return name
 
         def decorator(f: T_template_global) -> T_template_global:
             self.add_template_global(f, name=name)
@@ -765,22 +810,24 @@ class App(Scaffold):
     def add_template_global(
         self, f: ft.TemplateGlobalCallable, name: str | None = None
     ) -> None:
-        """Register a custom template global function. Works exactly like the
-        :meth:`template_global` decorator.
+        """Register a function to use as a custom Jinja global.
+
+        The :meth:`template_global` decorator can be used to register a function
+        by decorating instead.
+
+        :param f: The function to register.
+        :param name: The name to register the global as. If not given, uses the
+            function's name.
 
         .. versionadded:: 0.10
-
-        :param name: the optional name of the global function, otherwise the
-                     function name will be used.
         """
         self.jinja_env.globals[name or f.__name__] = f
 
     @setupmethod
     def teardown_appcontext(self, f: T_teardown) -> T_teardown:
-        """Registers a function to be called when the application
-        context is popped. The application context is typically popped
-        after the request context for each request, at the end of CLI
-        commands, or after a manually pushed context ends.
+        """Registers a function to be called when the app context is popped. The
+        context is popped at the end of a request, CLI command, or manual ``with``
+        block.
 
         .. code-block:: python
 
@@ -789,9 +836,7 @@ class App(Scaffold):
 
         When the ``with`` block exits (or ``ctx.pop()`` is called), the
         teardown functions are called just before the app context is
-        made inactive. Since a request context typically also manages an
-        application context it would also be called when you pop a
-        request context.
+        made inactive.
 
         When a teardown function was called because of an unhandled
         exception it will be passed an error object. If an
@@ -880,17 +925,18 @@ class App(Scaffold):
 
         return False
 
-    def should_ignore_error(self, error: BaseException | None) -> bool:
-        """This is called to figure out if an error should be ignored
-        or not as far as the teardown system is concerned.  If this
-        function returns ``True`` then the teardown handlers will not be
-        passed the error.
+    should_ignore_error: None = None
+    """If this method returns ``True``, the error will not be passed to
+    teardown handlers, and the context will not be preserved for
+    debugging.
 
-        .. versionadded:: 0.10
-        """
-        return False
+    .. deprecated:: 3.2
+        Handle errors as needed in teardown handlers instead.
 
-    def redirect(self, location: str, code: int = 302) -> BaseResponse:
+    .. versionadded:: 0.10
+    """
+
+    def redirect(self, location: str, code: int = 303) -> BaseResponse:
         """Create a redirect response object.
 
         This is called by :func:`flask.redirect`, and can be called
@@ -899,6 +945,9 @@ class App(Scaffold):
         :param location: The URL to redirect to.
         :param code: The status code for the redirect.
 
+        .. versionchanged:: 3.2
+            ``code`` defaults to ``303`` instead of ``302``.
+
         .. versionadded:: 2.2
             Moved from ``flask.redirect``, which calls this method.
         """

src/flask/sansio/blueprints.py

@@ -440,16 +440,31 @@ class Blueprint(Scaffold):
             )
         )
 
-    @setupmethod
+    @t.overload
+    def app_template_filter(self, name: T_template_filter) -> T_template_filter: ...
+    @t.overload
     def app_template_filter(
         self, name: str | None = None
-    ) -> t.Callable[[T_template_filter], T_template_filter]:
-        """Register a template filter, available in any template rendered by the
-        application. Equivalent to :meth:`.Flask.template_filter`.
+    ) -> t.Callable[[T_template_filter], T_template_filter]: ...
+    @setupmethod
+    def app_template_filter(
+        self, name: T_template_filter | str | None = None
+    ) -> T_template_filter | t.Callable[[T_template_filter], T_template_filter]:
+        """Decorate a function to register it as a custom Jinja filter. The name
+        is optional. The decorator may be used without parentheses.
 
-        :param name: the optional name of the filter, otherwise the
-                     function name will be used.
+        The :meth:`add_app_template_filter` method may be used to register a
+        function later rather than decorating.
+
+        The filter is available in all templates, not only those under this
+        blueprint. Equivalent to :meth:`.Flask.template_filter`.
+
+        :param name: The name to register the filter as. If not given, uses the
+            function's name.
         """
+        if callable(name):
+            self.add_app_template_filter(name)
+            return name
 
         def decorator(f: T_template_filter) -> T_template_filter:
             self.add_app_template_filter(f, name=name)
@@ -461,31 +476,51 @@ class Blueprint(Scaffold):
     def add_app_template_filter(
         self, f: ft.TemplateFilterCallable, name: str | None = None
     ) -> None:
-        """Register a template filter, available in any template rendered by the
-        application. Works like the :meth:`app_template_filter` decorator. Equivalent to
-        :meth:`.Flask.add_template_filter`.
+        """Register a function to use as a custom Jinja filter.
 
-        :param name: the optional name of the filter, otherwise the
-                     function name will be used.
+        The :meth:`app_template_filter` decorator can be used to register a
+        function by decorating instead.
+
+        The filter is available in all templates, not only those under this
+        blueprint. Equivalent to :meth:`.Flask.add_template_filter`.
+
+        :param f: The function to register.
+        :param name: The name to register the filter as. If not given, uses the
+            function's name.
         """
 
-        def register_template(state: BlueprintSetupState) -> None:
-            state.app.jinja_env.filters[name or f.__name__] = f
+        def register_template_filter(state: BlueprintSetupState) -> None:
+            state.app.add_template_filter(f, name=name)
 
-        self.record_once(register_template)
+        self.record_once(register_template_filter)
 
-    @setupmethod
+    @t.overload
+    def app_template_test(self, name: T_template_test) -> T_template_test: ...
+    @t.overload
     def app_template_test(
         self, name: str | None = None
-    ) -> t.Callable[[T_template_test], T_template_test]:
-        """Register a template test, available in any template rendered by the
-        application. Equivalent to :meth:`.Flask.template_test`.
+    ) -> t.Callable[[T_template_test], T_template_test]: ...
+    @setupmethod
+    def app_template_test(
+        self, name: T_template_test | str | None = None
+    ) -> T_template_test | t.Callable[[T_template_test], T_template_test]:
+        """Decorate a function to register it as a custom Jinja test. The name
+        is optional. The decorator may be used without parentheses.
+
+        The :meth:`add_app_template_test` method may be used to register a
+        function later rather than decorating.
+
+        The test is available in all templates, not only those under this
+        blueprint. Equivalent to :meth:`.Flask.template_test`.
+
+        :param name: The name to register the filter as. If not given, uses the
+            function's name.
 
         .. versionadded:: 0.10
-
-        :param name: the optional name of the test, otherwise the
-                     function name will be used.
         """
+        if callable(name):
+            self.add_app_template_test(name)
+            return name
 
         def decorator(f: T_template_test) -> T_template_test:
             self.add_app_template_test(f, name=name)
@@ -497,33 +532,53 @@ class Blueprint(Scaffold):
     def add_app_template_test(
         self, f: ft.TemplateTestCallable, name: str | None = None
     ) -> None:
-        """Register a template test, available in any template rendered by the
-        application. Works like the :meth:`app_template_test` decorator. Equivalent to
-        :meth:`.Flask.add_template_test`.
+        """Register a function to use as a custom Jinja test.
+
+        The :meth:`app_template_test` decorator can be used to register a
+        function by decorating instead.
+
+        The test is available in all templates, not only those under this
+        blueprint. Equivalent to :meth:`.Flask.add_template_test`.
+
+        :param f: The function to register.
+        :param name: The name to register the test as. If not given, uses the
+            function's name.
 
         .. versionadded:: 0.10
-
-        :param name: the optional name of the test, otherwise the
-                     function name will be used.
         """
 
-        def register_template(state: BlueprintSetupState) -> None:
-            state.app.jinja_env.tests[name or f.__name__] = f
+        def register_template_test(state: BlueprintSetupState) -> None:
+            state.app.add_template_test(f, name=name)
 
-        self.record_once(register_template)
+        self.record_once(register_template_test)
 
-    @setupmethod
+    @t.overload
+    def app_template_global(self, name: T_template_global) -> T_template_global: ...
+    @t.overload
     def app_template_global(
         self, name: str | None = None
-    ) -> t.Callable[[T_template_global], T_template_global]:
-        """Register a template global, available in any template rendered by the
-        application. Equivalent to :meth:`.Flask.template_global`.
+    ) -> t.Callable[[T_template_global], T_template_global]: ...
+    @setupmethod
+    def app_template_global(
+        self, name: T_template_global | str | None = None
+    ) -> T_template_global | t.Callable[[T_template_global], T_template_global]:
+        """Decorate a function to register it as a custom Jinja global. The name
+        is optional. The decorator may be used without parentheses.
+
+        The :meth:`add_app_template_global` method may be used to register a
+        function later rather than decorating.
+
+        The global is available in all templates, not only those under this
+        blueprint. Equivalent to :meth:`.Flask.template_global`.
+
+        :param name: The name to register the global as. If not given, uses the
+            function's name.
 
         .. versionadded:: 0.10
-
-        :param name: the optional name of the global, otherwise the
-                     function name will be used.
         """
+        if callable(name):
+            self.add_app_template_global(name)
+            return name
 
         def decorator(f: T_template_global) -> T_template_global:
             self.add_app_template_global(f, name=name)
@@ -535,20 +590,25 @@ class Blueprint(Scaffold):
     def add_app_template_global(
         self, f: ft.TemplateGlobalCallable, name: str | None = None
     ) -> None:
-        """Register a template global, available in any template rendered by the
-        application. Works like the :meth:`app_template_global` decorator. Equivalent to
-        :meth:`.Flask.add_template_global`.
+        """Register a function to use as a custom Jinja global.
+
+        The :meth:`app_template_global` decorator can be used to register a function
+        by decorating instead.
+
+        The global is available in all templates, not only those under this
+        blueprint. Equivalent to :meth:`.Flask.add_template_global`.
+
+        :param f: The function to register.
+        :param name: The name to register the global as. If not given, uses the
+            function's name.
 
         .. versionadded:: 0.10
-
-        :param name: the optional name of the global, otherwise the
-                     function name will be used.
         """
 
-        def register_template(state: BlueprintSetupState) -> None:
-            state.app.jinja_env.globals[name or f.__name__] = f
+        def register_template_global(state: BlueprintSetupState) -> None:
+            state.app.add_template_global(f, name=name)
 
-        self.record_once(register_template)
+        self.record_once(register_template_global)
 
     @setupmethod
     def before_app_request(self, f: T_before_request) -> T_before_request:

src/flask/sansio/scaffold.py

@@ -507,8 +507,8 @@ class Scaffold:
     @setupmethod
     def teardown_request(self, f: T_teardown) -> T_teardown:
         """Register a function to be called when the request context is
-        popped. Typically this happens at the end of each request, but
-        contexts may be pushed manually as well during testing.
+        popped. Typically, this happens at the end of each request, but
+        contexts may be pushed manually during testing.
 
         .. code-block:: python
 

src/flask/sessions.py

@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ class SessionMixin(MutableMapping[str, t.Any]):
     @property
     def permanent(self) -> bool:
         """This reflects the ``'_permanent'`` key in the dict."""
-        return self.get("_permanent", False)
+        return self.get("_permanent", False)  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
 
     @permanent.setter
     def permanent(self, value: bool) -> None:
@@ -43,10 +43,15 @@ class SessionMixin(MutableMapping[str, t.Any]):
     #: ``True``.
     modified = True
 
-    #: Some implementations can detect when session data is read or
-    #: written and set this when that happens. The mixin default is hard
-    #: coded to ``True``.
-    accessed = True
+    accessed = False
+    """Indicates if the session was accessed, even if it was not modified. This
+    is set when the session object is accessed through the request context,
+    including the global :data:`.session` proxy. A ``Vary: cookie`` header will
+    be added if this is ``True``.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 3.1.3
+        This is tracked by the request context.
+    """
 
 
 class SecureCookieSession(CallbackDict[str, t.Any], SessionMixin):
@@ -65,34 +70,15 @@ class SecureCookieSession(CallbackDict[str, t.Any], SessionMixin):
     #: will only be written to the response if this is ``True``.
     modified = False
 
-    #: When data is read or written, this is set to ``True``. Used by
-    # :class:`.SecureCookieSessionInterface` to add a ``Vary: Cookie``
-    #: header, which allows caching proxies to cache different pages for
-    #: different users.
-    accessed = False
-
     def __init__(
         self,
-        initial: c.Mapping[str, t.Any] | c.Iterable[tuple[str, t.Any]] | None = None,
+        initial: c.Mapping[str, t.Any] | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         def on_update(self: te.Self) -> None:
             self.modified = True
-            self.accessed = True
 
         super().__init__(initial, on_update)
 
-    def __getitem__(self, key: str) -> t.Any:
-        self.accessed = True
-        return super().__getitem__(key)
-
-    def get(self, key: str, default: t.Any = None) -> t.Any:
-        self.accessed = True
-        return super().get(key, default)
-
-    def setdefault(self, key: str, default: t.Any = None) -> t.Any:
-        self.accessed = True
-        return super().setdefault(key, default)
-
 
 class NullSession(SecureCookieSession):
     """Class used to generate nicer error messages if sessions are not
@@ -107,7 +93,7 @@ class NullSession(SecureCookieSession):
             "application to something unique and secret."
         )
 
-    __setitem__ = __delitem__ = clear = pop = popitem = update = setdefault = _fail  # noqa: B950
+    __setitem__ = __delitem__ = clear = pop = popitem = update = setdefault = _fail
     del _fail
 
 

src/flask/templating.py

@@ -7,32 +7,29 @@ from jinja2 import Environment as BaseEnvironment
 from jinja2 import Template
 from jinja2 import TemplateNotFound
 
-from .globals import _cv_app
-from .globals import _cv_request
-from .globals import current_app
-from .globals import request
+from .ctx import AppContext
+from .globals import app_ctx
 from .helpers import stream_with_context
 from .signals import before_render_template
 from .signals import template_rendered
 
 if t.TYPE_CHECKING:  # pragma: no cover
-    from .app import Flask
     from .sansio.app import App
     from .sansio.scaffold import Scaffold
 
 
 def _default_template_ctx_processor() -> dict[str, t.Any]:
-    """Default template context processor.  Injects `request`,
-    `session` and `g`.
+    """Default template context processor.  Replaces the ``request`` and ``g``
+    proxies with their concrete objects for faster access.
     """
-    appctx = _cv_app.get(None)
-    reqctx = _cv_request.get(None)
-    rv: dict[str, t.Any] = {}
-    if appctx is not None:
-        rv["g"] = appctx.g
-    if reqctx is not None:
-        rv["request"] = reqctx.request
-        rv["session"] = reqctx.session
+    ctx = app_ctx._get_current_object()
+    rv: dict[str, t.Any] = {"g": ctx.g}
+
+    if ctx.has_request:
+        rv["request"] = ctx.request
+        # The session proxy cannot be replaced, accessing it gets
+        # RequestContext.session, which sets session.accessed.
+
     return rv
 
 
@@ -123,8 +120,9 @@ class DispatchingJinjaLoader(BaseLoader):
         return list(result)
 
 
-def _render(app: Flask, template: Template, context: dict[str, t.Any]) -> str:
-    app.update_template_context(context)
+def _render(ctx: AppContext, template: Template, context: dict[str, t.Any]) -> str:
+    app = ctx.app
+    app.update_template_context(ctx, context)
     before_render_template.send(
         app, _async_wrapper=app.ensure_sync, template=template, context=context
     )
@@ -145,9 +143,9 @@ def render_template(
         a list is given, the first name to exist will be rendered.
     :param context: The variables to make available in the template.
     """
-    app = current_app._get_current_object()  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
-    template = app.jinja_env.get_or_select_template(template_name_or_list)
-    return _render(app, template, context)
+    ctx = app_ctx._get_current_object()
+    template = ctx.app.jinja_env.get_or_select_template(template_name_or_list)
+    return _render(ctx, template, context)
 
 
 def render_template_string(source: str, **context: t.Any) -> str:
@@ -157,15 +155,16 @@ def render_template_string(source: str, **context: t.Any) -> str:
     :param source: The source code of the template to render.
     :param context: The variables to make available in the template.
     """
-    app = current_app._get_current_object()  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
-    template = app.jinja_env.from_string(source)
-    return _render(app, template, context)
+    ctx = app_ctx._get_current_object()
+    template = ctx.app.jinja_env.from_string(source)
+    return _render(ctx, template, context)
 
 
 def _stream(
-    app: Flask, template: Template, context: dict[str, t.Any]
+    ctx: AppContext, template: Template, context: dict[str, t.Any]
 ) -> t.Iterator[str]:
-    app.update_template_context(context)
+    app = ctx.app
+    app.update_template_context(ctx, context)
     before_render_template.send(
         app, _async_wrapper=app.ensure_sync, template=template, context=context
     )
@@ -176,13 +175,7 @@ def _stream(
             app, _async_wrapper=app.ensure_sync, template=template, context=context
         )
 
-    rv = generate()
-
-    # If a request context is active, keep it while generating.
-    if request:
-        rv = stream_with_context(rv)
-
-    return rv
+    return stream_with_context(generate())
 
 
 def stream_template(
@@ -199,9 +192,9 @@ def stream_template(
 
     .. versionadded:: 2.2
     """
-    app = current_app._get_current_object()  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
-    template = app.jinja_env.get_or_select_template(template_name_or_list)
-    return _stream(app, template, context)
+    ctx = app_ctx._get_current_object()
+    template = ctx.app.jinja_env.get_or_select_template(template_name_or_list)
+    return _stream(ctx, template, context)
 
 
 def stream_template_string(source: str, **context: t.Any) -> t.Iterator[str]:
@@ -214,6 +207,6 @@ def stream_template_string(source: str, **context: t.Any) -> t.Iterator[str]:
 
     .. versionadded:: 2.2
     """
-    app = current_app._get_current_object()  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
-    template = app.jinja_env.from_string(source)
-    return _stream(app, template, context)
+    ctx = app_ctx._get_current_object()
+    template = ctx.app.jinja_env.from_string(source)
+    return _stream(ctx, template, context)

src/flask/testing.py

@@ -107,10 +107,10 @@ def _get_werkzeug_version() -> str:
 
 
 class FlaskClient(Client):
-    """Works like a regular Werkzeug test client but has knowledge about
-    Flask's contexts to defer the cleanup of the request context until
-    the end of a ``with`` block. For general information about how to
-    use this class refer to :class:`werkzeug.test.Client`.
+    """Works like a regular Werkzeug test client, with additional behavior for
+    Flask. Can defer the cleanup of the request context until the end of a
+    ``with`` block. For general information about how to use this class refer to
+    :class:`werkzeug.test.Client`.
 
     .. versionchanged:: 0.12
        `app.test_client()` includes preset default environment, which can be

src/flask/typing.py

@@ -23,8 +23,7 @@ ResponseValue = t.Union[
 ]
 
 # the possible types for an individual HTTP header
-# This should be a Union, but mypy doesn't pass unless it's a TypeVar.
-HeaderValue = t.Union[str, list[str], tuple[str, ...]]
+HeaderValue = str | list[str] | tuple[str, ...]
 
 # the possible types for HTTP headers
 HeadersValue = t.Union[
@@ -47,34 +46,29 @@ ResponseReturnValue = t.Union[
 # callback annotated with flask.Response fail type checking.
 ResponseClass = t.TypeVar("ResponseClass", bound="Response")
 
-AppOrBlueprintKey = t.Optional[str]  # The App key is None, whereas blueprints are named
-AfterRequestCallable = t.Union[
-    t.Callable[[ResponseClass], ResponseClass],
-    t.Callable[[ResponseClass], t.Awaitable[ResponseClass]],
-]
-BeforeFirstRequestCallable = t.Union[
-    t.Callable[[], None], t.Callable[[], t.Awaitable[None]]
-]
-BeforeRequestCallable = t.Union[
-    t.Callable[[], t.Optional[ResponseReturnValue]],
-    t.Callable[[], t.Awaitable[t.Optional[ResponseReturnValue]]],
-]
+AppOrBlueprintKey = str | None  # The App key is None, whereas blueprints are named
+AfterRequestCallable = (
+    t.Callable[[ResponseClass], ResponseClass]
+    | t.Callable[[ResponseClass], t.Awaitable[ResponseClass]]
+)
+BeforeFirstRequestCallable = t.Callable[[], None] | t.Callable[[], t.Awaitable[None]]
+BeforeRequestCallable = (
+    t.Callable[[], ResponseReturnValue | None]
+    | t.Callable[[], t.Awaitable[ResponseReturnValue | None]]
+)
 ShellContextProcessorCallable = t.Callable[[], dict[str, t.Any]]
-TeardownCallable = t.Union[
-    t.Callable[[t.Optional[BaseException]], None],
-    t.Callable[[t.Optional[BaseException]], t.Awaitable[None]],
-]
-TemplateContextProcessorCallable = t.Union[
-    t.Callable[[], dict[str, t.Any]],
-    t.Callable[[], t.Awaitable[dict[str, t.Any]]],
-]
+TeardownCallable = (
+    t.Callable[[BaseException | None], None]
+    | t.Callable[[BaseException | None], t.Awaitable[None]]
+)
+TemplateContextProcessorCallable = (
+    t.Callable[[], dict[str, t.Any]] | t.Callable[[], t.Awaitable[dict[str, t.Any]]]
+)
 TemplateFilterCallable = t.Callable[..., t.Any]
 TemplateGlobalCallable = t.Callable[..., t.Any]
 TemplateTestCallable = t.Callable[..., bool]
 URLDefaultCallable = t.Callable[[str, dict[str, t.Any]], None]
-URLValuePreprocessorCallable = t.Callable[
-    [t.Optional[str], t.Optional[dict[str, t.Any]]], None
-]
+URLValuePreprocessorCallable = t.Callable[[str | None, dict[str, t.Any] | None], None]
 
 # This should take Exception, but that either breaks typing the argument
 # with a specific exception, or decorating multiple times with different
@@ -82,12 +76,12 @@ URLValuePreprocessorCallable = t.Callable[
 # https://github.com/pallets/flask/issues/4095
 # https://github.com/pallets/flask/issues/4295
 # https://github.com/pallets/flask/issues/4297
-ErrorHandlerCallable = t.Union[
-    t.Callable[[t.Any], ResponseReturnValue],
-    t.Callable[[t.Any], t.Awaitable[ResponseReturnValue]],
-]
+ErrorHandlerCallable = (
+    t.Callable[[t.Any], ResponseReturnValue]
+    | t.Callable[[t.Any], t.Awaitable[ResponseReturnValue]]
+)
 
-RouteCallable = t.Union[
-    t.Callable[..., ResponseReturnValue],
-    t.Callable[..., t.Awaitable[ResponseReturnValue]],
-]
+RouteCallable = (
+    t.Callable[..., ResponseReturnValue]
+    | t.Callable[..., t.Awaitable[ResponseReturnValue]]
+)

tests/conftest.py

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import pytest
 from _pytest import monkeypatch
 
 from flask import Flask
-from flask.globals import request_ctx
+from flask.globals import app_ctx as _app_ctx
 
 
 @pytest.fixture(scope="session", autouse=True)
@@ -83,16 +83,17 @@ def test_apps(monkeypatch):
 
 @pytest.fixture(autouse=True)
 def leak_detector():
+    """Fails if any app contexts are still pushed when a test ends. Pops all
+    contexts so subsequent tests are not affected.
+    """
     yield
-
-    # make sure we're not leaking a request context since we are
-    # testing flask internally in debug mode in a few cases
     leaks = []
-    while request_ctx:
-        leaks.append(request_ctx._get_current_object())
-        request_ctx.pop()
 
-    assert leaks == []
+    while _app_ctx:
+        leaks.append(_app_ctx._get_current_object())
+        _app_ctx.pop()
+
+    assert not leaks
 
 
 @pytest.fixture

tests/test_appctx.py

@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
+import sys
+
 import pytest
 
 import flask
 from flask.globals import app_ctx
-from flask.globals import request_ctx
+from flask.testing import FlaskClient
 
 
 def test_basic_url_generation(app):
@@ -107,7 +109,8 @@ def test_app_tearing_down_with_handled_exception_by_app_handler(app, client):
     with app.app_context():
         client.get("/")
 
-    assert cleanup_stuff == [None]
+    # teardown request context, and with block context
+    assert cleanup_stuff == [None, None]
 
 
 def test_app_tearing_down_with_unhandled_exception(app, client):
@@ -126,9 +129,11 @@ def test_app_tearing_down_with_unhandled_exception(app, client):
         with app.app_context():
             client.get("/")
 
-    assert len(cleanup_stuff) == 1
+    assert len(cleanup_stuff) == 2
     assert isinstance(cleanup_stuff[0], ValueError)
     assert str(cleanup_stuff[0]) == "dummy"
+    # exception propagated, seen by request context and with block context
+    assert cleanup_stuff[0] is cleanup_stuff[1]
 
 
 def test_app_ctx_globals_methods(app, app_ctx):
@@ -178,8 +183,7 @@ def test_context_refcounts(app, client):
     @app.route("/")
     def index():
         with app_ctx:
-            with request_ctx:
-                pass
+            pass
 
         assert flask.request.environ["werkzeug.request"] is not None
         return ""
@@ -207,3 +211,55 @@ def test_clean_pop(app):
 
     assert called == ["flask_test", "TEARDOWN"]
     assert not flask.current_app
+
+
+def test_robust_teardown(app: flask.Flask, client: FlaskClient) -> None:
+    count = 0
+
+    @app.teardown_request
+    def request_teardown(e: Exception | None) -> None:
+        nonlocal count
+        count += 1
+        raise ValueError("request_teardown")
+
+    @app.teardown_appcontext
+    def app_teardown(e: Exception | None) -> None:
+        nonlocal count
+        count += 1
+        raise ValueError("app_teardown")
+
+    @app.get("/")
+    def index() -> str:
+        return ""
+
+    def request_signal(sender: flask.Flask, exc: Exception | None) -> None:
+        nonlocal count
+        count += 1
+        raise ValueError("request_signal")
+
+    def app_signal(sender: flask.Flask, exc: Exception | None) -> None:
+        nonlocal count
+        count += 1
+        raise ValueError("app_signal")
+
+    with (
+        flask.request_tearing_down.connected_to(request_signal, app),
+        flask.appcontext_tearing_down.connected_to(app_signal, app),
+    ):
+        if sys.version_info >= (3, 11):
+            with pytest.raises(ExceptionGroup, match="context teardown") as exc_info:  # noqa: F821
+                client.get()
+
+            assert len(exc_info.value.exceptions) == 2
+            eg1, eg2 = exc_info.value.exceptions
+            assert isinstance(eg1, ExceptionGroup)  # noqa: F821
+            assert "request teardown" in eg1.message
+            assert len(eg1.exceptions) == 2
+            assert isinstance(eg2, ExceptionGroup)  # noqa: F821
+            assert "app teardown" in eg2.message
+            assert len(eg2.exceptions) == 2
+        else:
+            with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="request_teardown"):
+                client.get()
+
+    assert count == 4

tests/test_basic.py

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 import gc
+import importlib.metadata
 import re
 import typing as t
 import uuid
-import warnings
 import weakref
 from contextlib import nullcontext
 from datetime import datetime
@@ -20,6 +20,8 @@ from werkzeug.routing import BuildError
 from werkzeug.routing import RequestRedirect
 
 import flask
+from flask.globals import app_ctx
+from flask.testing import FlaskClient
 
 require_cpython_gc = pytest.mark.skipif(
     python_implementation() != "CPython",
@@ -67,63 +69,61 @@ def test_method_route_no_methods(app):
         app.get("/", methods=["GET", "POST"])
 
 
-def test_provide_automatic_options_attr():
-    app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+def test_provide_automatic_options_attr_disable(
+    app: flask.Flask, client: FlaskClient
+) -> None:
+    """Automatic options can be disabled by the view func attribute."""
 
     def index():
         return "Hello World!"
 
     index.provide_automatic_options = False
-    app.route("/")(index)
-    rv = app.test_client().open("/", method="OPTIONS")
+    app.add_url_rule("/", view_func=index)
+    rv = client.options()
     assert rv.status_code == 405
 
-    app = flask.Flask(__name__)
 
-    def index2():
+def test_provide_automatic_options_attr_enable(
+    app: flask.Flask, client: FlaskClient
+) -> None:
+    """When default automatic options is disabled in config, it can still be
+    enabled by the view function attribute.
+    """
+    app.config["PROVIDE_AUTOMATIC_OPTIONS"] = False
+
+    def index():
         return "Hello World!"
 
-    index2.provide_automatic_options = True
-    app.route("/", methods=["OPTIONS"])(index2)
-    rv = app.test_client().open("/", method="OPTIONS")
-    assert sorted(rv.allow) == ["OPTIONS"]
+    index.provide_automatic_options = True
+    app.add_url_rule("/", view_func=index)
+    rv = client.options()
+    assert rv.allow == {"GET", "HEAD", "OPTIONS"}
 
 
-def test_provide_automatic_options_kwarg(app, client):
+def test_provide_automatic_options_arg_disable(
+    app: flask.Flask, client: FlaskClient
+) -> None:
+    """Automatic options can be disabled by the route argument."""
+
+    @app.get("/", provide_automatic_options=False)
     def index():
-        return flask.request.method
+        return "Hello World!"
 
-    def more():
-        return flask.request.method
-
-    app.add_url_rule("/", view_func=index, provide_automatic_options=False)
-    app.add_url_rule(
-        "/more",
-        view_func=more,
-        methods=["GET", "POST"],
-        provide_automatic_options=False,
-    )
-    assert client.get("/").data == b"GET"
-
-    rv = client.post("/")
-    assert rv.status_code == 405
-    assert sorted(rv.allow) == ["GET", "HEAD"]
-
-    rv = client.open("/", method="OPTIONS")
+    rv = client.options()
     assert rv.status_code == 405
 
-    rv = client.head("/")
-    assert rv.status_code == 200
-    assert not rv.data  # head truncates
-    assert client.post("/more").data == b"POST"
-    assert client.get("/more").data == b"GET"
 
-    rv = client.delete("/more")
-    assert rv.status_code == 405
-    assert sorted(rv.allow) == ["GET", "HEAD", "POST"]
+def test_provide_automatic_options_method_disable(
+    app: flask.Flask, client: FlaskClient
+) -> None:
+    """Automatic options is ignored if the route handles options."""
 
-    rv = client.open("/more", method="OPTIONS")
-    assert rv.status_code == 405
+    @app.route("/", methods=["OPTIONS"])
+    def index():
+        return "", {"X-Test": "test"}
+
+    rv = client.options()
+    assert rv.headers["X-Test"] == "test"
 
 
 def test_request_dispatching(app, client):
@@ -231,27 +231,46 @@ def test_endpoint_decorator(app, client):
     assert client.get("/foo/bar").data == b"bar"
 
 
-def test_session(app, client):
-    @app.route("/set", methods=["POST"])
-    def set():
-        assert not flask.session.accessed
-        assert not flask.session.modified
+def test_session_accessed(app: flask.Flask, client: FlaskClient) -> None:
+    @app.post("/")
+    def do_set():
         flask.session["value"] = flask.request.form["value"]
-        assert flask.session.accessed
-        assert flask.session.modified
         return "value set"
 
-    @app.route("/get")
-    def get():
-        assert not flask.session.accessed
-        assert not flask.session.modified
-        v = flask.session.get("value", "None")
-        assert flask.session.accessed
-        assert not flask.session.modified
-        return v
+    @app.get("/")
+    def do_get():
+        return flask.session.get("value", "None")
 
-    assert client.post("/set", data={"value": "42"}).data == b"value set"
-    assert client.get("/get").data == b"42"
+    @app.get("/nothing")
+    def do_nothing() -> str:
+        return ""
+
+    with client:
+        rv = client.get("/nothing")
+        assert "cookie" not in rv.vary
+        assert not app_ctx._session.accessed
+        assert not app_ctx._session.modified
+
+    with client:
+        rv = client.post(data={"value": "42"})
+        assert rv.text == "value set"
+        assert "cookie" in rv.vary
+        assert app_ctx._session.accessed
+        assert app_ctx._session.modified
+
+    with client:
+        rv = client.get()
+        assert rv.text == "42"
+        assert "cookie" in rv.vary
+        assert app_ctx._session.accessed
+        assert not app_ctx._session.modified
+
+    with client:
+        rv = client.get("/nothing")
+        assert rv.text == ""
+        assert "cookie" not in rv.vary
+        assert not app_ctx._session.accessed
+        assert not app_ctx._session.modified
 
 
 def test_session_path(app, client):
@@ -1401,20 +1420,21 @@ def test_url_for_passes_special_values_to_build_error_handler(app):
 
 
 def test_static_files(app, client):
-    rv = client.get("/static/index.html")
-    assert rv.status_code == 200
-    assert rv.data.strip() == b"<h1>Hello World!</h1>"
-    with app.test_request_context():
-        assert flask.url_for("static", filename="index.html") == "/static/index.html"
-    rv.close()
+    with client.get("/static/index.html") as rv:
+        assert rv.status_code == 200
+        assert rv.data.strip() == b"<h1>Hello World!</h1>"
+        with app.test_request_context():
+            assert (
+                flask.url_for("static", filename="index.html") == "/static/index.html"
+            )
 
 
 def test_static_url_path():
     app = flask.Flask(__name__, static_url_path="/foo")
     app.testing = True
-    rv = app.test_client().get("/foo/index.html")
-    assert rv.status_code == 200
-    rv.close()
+
+    with app.test_client().get("/foo/index.html") as rv:
+        assert rv.status_code == 200
 
     with app.test_request_context():
         assert flask.url_for("static", filename="index.html") == "/foo/index.html"
@@ -1423,9 +1443,9 @@ def test_static_url_path():
 def test_static_url_path_with_ending_slash():
     app = flask.Flask(__name__, static_url_path="/foo/")
     app.testing = True
-    rv = app.test_client().get("/foo/index.html")
-    assert rv.status_code == 200
-    rv.close()
+
+    with app.test_client().get("/foo/index.html") as rv:
+        assert rv.status_code == 200
 
     with app.test_request_context():
         assert flask.url_for("static", filename="index.html") == "/foo/index.html"
@@ -1433,25 +1453,25 @@ def test_static_url_path_with_ending_slash():
 
 def test_static_url_empty_path(app):
     app = flask.Flask(__name__, static_folder="", static_url_path="")
-    rv = app.test_client().open("/static/index.html", method="GET")
-    assert rv.status_code == 200
-    rv.close()
+
+    with app.test_client().open("/static/index.html", method="GET") as rv:
+        assert rv.status_code == 200
 
 
 def test_static_url_empty_path_default(app):
     app = flask.Flask(__name__, static_folder="")
-    rv = app.test_client().open("/static/index.html", method="GET")
-    assert rv.status_code == 200
-    rv.close()
+
+    with app.test_client().open("/static/index.html", method="GET") as rv:
+        assert rv.status_code == 200
 
 
 def test_static_folder_with_pathlib_path(app):
     from pathlib import Path
 
     app = flask.Flask(__name__, static_folder=Path("static"))
-    rv = app.test_client().open("/static/index.html", method="GET")
-    assert rv.status_code == 200
-    rv.close()
+
+    with app.test_client().open("/static/index.html", method="GET") as rv:
+        assert rv.status_code == 200
 
 
 def test_static_folder_with_ending_slash():
@@ -1468,9 +1488,10 @@ def test_static_folder_with_ending_slash():
 def test_static_route_with_host_matching():
     app = flask.Flask(__name__, host_matching=True, static_host="example.com")
     c = app.test_client()
-    rv = c.get("http://example.com/static/index.html")
-    assert rv.status_code == 200
-    rv.close()
+
+    with c.get("http://example.com/static/index.html") as rv:
+        assert rv.status_code == 200
+
     with app.test_request_context():
         rv = flask.url_for("static", filename="index.html", _external=True)
         assert rv == "http://example.com/static/index.html"
@@ -1491,20 +1512,22 @@ def test_request_locals():
     assert not flask.g
 
 
+werkzeug_3_2 = importlib.metadata.version("werkzeug") >= "3.2."
+
+
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
-    ("subdomain_matching", "host_matching", "expect_base", "expect_abc", "expect_xyz"),
+    ("subdomain_matching", "host_matching", "expect_subdomain", "expect_host"),
     [
-        (False, False, "default", "default", "default"),
-        (True, False, "default", "abc", "<invalid>"),
-        (False, True, "default", "abc", "default"),
+        (False, False, "default", "default"),
+        (True, False, "abc", "<invalid>"),
+        (False, True, "abc", "default"),
     ],
 )
 def test_server_name_matching(
     subdomain_matching: bool,
     host_matching: bool,
-    expect_base: str,
-    expect_abc: str,
-    expect_xyz: str,
+    expect_subdomain: str,
+    expect_host: str,
 ) -> None:
     app = flask.Flask(
         __name__,
@@ -1522,15 +1545,18 @@ def test_server_name_matching(
     client = app.test_client()
 
     r = client.get(base_url="http://example.test")
-    assert r.text == expect_base
+    assert r.text == "default"
 
     r = client.get(base_url="http://abc.example.test")
-    assert r.text == expect_abc
+    assert r.text == expect_subdomain
 
     with pytest.warns() if subdomain_matching else nullcontext():
         r = client.get(base_url="http://xyz.other.test")
 
-    assert r.text == expect_xyz
+        if werkzeug_3_2:
+            assert r.text == "default"
+        else:
+            assert r.text == expect_host
 
 
 def test_server_name_subdomain():
@@ -1566,12 +1592,12 @@ def test_server_name_subdomain():
     rv = client.get("/", "https://dev.local")
     assert rv.data == b"default"
 
-    # suppress Werkzeug 0.15 warning about name mismatch
-    with warnings.catch_warnings():
-        warnings.filterwarnings(
-            "ignore", "Current server name", UserWarning, "flask.app"
-        )
+    with pytest.warns(match="Current server name"):
         rv = client.get("/", "http://foo.localhost")
+
+    if werkzeug_3_2:
+        assert rv.status_code == 200
+    else:
         assert rv.status_code == 404
 
     rv = client.get("/", "http://foo.dev.local")
@@ -1807,13 +1833,13 @@ def test_subdomain_matching_other_name(matching):
     def index():
         return "", 204
 
-    # suppress Werkzeug 0.15 warning about name mismatch
-    with warnings.catch_warnings():
-        warnings.filterwarnings(
-            "ignore", "Current server name", UserWarning, "flask.app"
-        )
-        # ip address can't match name
+    with pytest.warns(match="Current server name") if matching else nullcontext():
+        # ip address can't match name, but will fall back to default
         rv = client.get("/", "http://127.0.0.1:3000/")
+
+    if werkzeug_3_2:
+        assert rv.status_code == 204
+    else:
         assert rv.status_code == 404 if matching else 204
 
     # allow all subdomains if matching is disabled

tests/test_blueprints.py

@@ -184,12 +184,12 @@ def test_templates_and_static(test_apps):
     assert rv.data == b"Hello from the Admin"
     rv = client.get("/admin/index2")
     assert rv.data == b"Hello from the Admin"
-    rv = client.get("/admin/static/test.txt")
-    assert rv.data.strip() == b"Admin File"
-    rv.close()
-    rv = client.get("/admin/static/css/test.css")
-    assert rv.data.strip() == b"/* nested file */"
-    rv.close()
+
+    with client.get("/admin/static/test.txt") as rv:
+        assert rv.data.strip() == b"Admin File"
+
+    with client.get("/admin/static/css/test.css") as rv:
+        assert rv.data.strip() == b"/* nested file */"
 
     # try/finally, in case other tests use this app for Blueprint tests.
     max_age_default = app.config["SEND_FILE_MAX_AGE_DEFAULT"]
@@ -198,10 +198,10 @@ def test_templates_and_static(test_apps):
         if app.config["SEND_FILE_MAX_AGE_DEFAULT"] == expected_max_age:
             expected_max_age = 7200
         app.config["SEND_FILE_MAX_AGE_DEFAULT"] = expected_max_age
-        rv = client.get("/admin/static/css/test.css")
-        cc = parse_cache_control_header(rv.headers["Cache-Control"])
-        assert cc.max_age == expected_max_age
-        rv.close()
+
+        with client.get("/admin/static/css/test.css") as rv:
+            cc = parse_cache_control_header(rv.headers["Cache-Control"])
+            assert cc.max_age == expected_max_age
     finally:
         app.config["SEND_FILE_MAX_AGE_DEFAULT"] = max_age_default
 
@@ -220,28 +220,19 @@ def test_templates_and_static(test_apps):
         assert flask.render_template("nested/nested.txt") == "I'm nested"
 
 
-def test_default_static_max_age(app):
+def test_default_static_max_age(app: flask.Flask) -> None:
     class MyBlueprint(flask.Blueprint):
         def get_send_file_max_age(self, filename):
             return 100
 
-    blueprint = MyBlueprint("blueprint", __name__, static_folder="static")
+    blueprint = MyBlueprint(
+        "blueprint", __name__, url_prefix="/bp", static_folder="static"
+    )
     app.register_blueprint(blueprint)
 
-    # try/finally, in case other tests use this app for Blueprint tests.
-    max_age_default = app.config["SEND_FILE_MAX_AGE_DEFAULT"]
-    try:
-        with app.test_request_context():
-            unexpected_max_age = 3600
-            if app.config["SEND_FILE_MAX_AGE_DEFAULT"] == unexpected_max_age:
-                unexpected_max_age = 7200
-            app.config["SEND_FILE_MAX_AGE_DEFAULT"] = unexpected_max_age
-            rv = blueprint.send_static_file("index.html")
-            cc = parse_cache_control_header(rv.headers["Cache-Control"])
-            assert cc.max_age == 100
-            rv.close()
-    finally:
-        app.config["SEND_FILE_MAX_AGE_DEFAULT"] = max_age_default
+    with app.test_request_context(), blueprint.send_static_file("index.html") as rv:
+        cc = parse_cache_control_header(rv.headers["Cache-Control"])
+        assert cc.max_age == 100
 
 
 def test_templates_list(test_apps):
@@ -366,11 +357,35 @@ def test_template_filter(app):
     def my_reverse(s):
         return s[::-1]
 
+    @bp.app_template_filter
+    def my_reverse_2(s):
+        return s[::-1]
+
+    @bp.app_template_filter("my_reverse_custom_name_3")
+    def my_reverse_3(s):
+        return s[::-1]
+
+    @bp.app_template_filter(name="my_reverse_custom_name_4")
+    def my_reverse_4(s):
+        return s[::-1]
+
     app.register_blueprint(bp, url_prefix="/py")
     assert "my_reverse" in app.jinja_env.filters.keys()
     assert app.jinja_env.filters["my_reverse"] == my_reverse
     assert app.jinja_env.filters["my_reverse"]("abcd") == "dcba"
 
+    assert "my_reverse_2" in app.jinja_env.filters.keys()
+    assert app.jinja_env.filters["my_reverse_2"] == my_reverse_2
+    assert app.jinja_env.filters["my_reverse_2"]("abcd") == "dcba"
+
+    assert "my_reverse_custom_name_3" in app.jinja_env.filters.keys()
+    assert app.jinja_env.filters["my_reverse_custom_name_3"] == my_reverse_3
+    assert app.jinja_env.filters["my_reverse_custom_name_3"]("abcd") == "dcba"
+
+    assert "my_reverse_custom_name_4" in app.jinja_env.filters.keys()
+    assert app.jinja_env.filters["my_reverse_custom_name_4"] == my_reverse_4
+    assert app.jinja_env.filters["my_reverse_custom_name_4"]("abcd") == "dcba"
+
 
 def test_add_template_filter(app):
     bp = flask.Blueprint("bp", __name__)
@@ -502,11 +517,35 @@ def test_template_test(app):
     def is_boolean(value):
         return isinstance(value, bool)
 
+    @bp.app_template_test
+    def boolean_2(value):
+        return isinstance(value, bool)
+
+    @bp.app_template_test("my_boolean_custom_name")
+    def boolean_3(value):
+        return isinstance(value, bool)
+
+    @bp.app_template_test(name="my_boolean_custom_name_2")
+    def boolean_4(value):
+        return isinstance(value, bool)
+
     app.register_blueprint(bp, url_prefix="/py")
     assert "is_boolean" in app.jinja_env.tests.keys()
     assert app.jinja_env.tests["is_boolean"] == is_boolean
     assert app.jinja_env.tests["is_boolean"](False)
 
+    assert "boolean_2" in app.jinja_env.tests.keys()
+    assert app.jinja_env.tests["boolean_2"] == boolean_2
+    assert app.jinja_env.tests["boolean_2"](False)
+
+    assert "my_boolean_custom_name" in app.jinja_env.tests.keys()
+    assert app.jinja_env.tests["my_boolean_custom_name"] == boolean_3
+    assert app.jinja_env.tests["my_boolean_custom_name"](False)
+
+    assert "my_boolean_custom_name_2" in app.jinja_env.tests.keys()
+    assert app.jinja_env.tests["my_boolean_custom_name_2"] == boolean_4
+    assert app.jinja_env.tests["my_boolean_custom_name_2"](False)
+
 
 def test_add_template_test(app):
     bp = flask.Blueprint("bp", __name__)
@@ -679,6 +718,18 @@ def test_template_global(app):
     def get_answer():
         return 42
 
+    @bp.app_template_global
+    def get_stuff_1():
+        return "get_stuff_1"
+
+    @bp.app_template_global("my_get_stuff_custom_name_2")
+    def get_stuff_2():
+        return "get_stuff_2"
+
+    @bp.app_template_global(name="my_get_stuff_custom_name_3")
+    def get_stuff_3():
+        return "get_stuff_3"
+
     # Make sure the function is not in the jinja_env already
     assert "get_answer" not in app.jinja_env.globals.keys()
     app.register_blueprint(bp)
@@ -688,10 +739,31 @@ def test_template_global(app):
     assert app.jinja_env.globals["get_answer"] is get_answer
     assert app.jinja_env.globals["get_answer"]() == 42
 
+    assert "get_stuff_1" in app.jinja_env.globals.keys()
+    assert app.jinja_env.globals["get_stuff_1"] == get_stuff_1
+    assert app.jinja_env.globals["get_stuff_1"](), "get_stuff_1"
+
+    assert "my_get_stuff_custom_name_2" in app.jinja_env.globals.keys()
+    assert app.jinja_env.globals["my_get_stuff_custom_name_2"] == get_stuff_2
+    assert app.jinja_env.globals["my_get_stuff_custom_name_2"](), "get_stuff_2"
+
+    assert "my_get_stuff_custom_name_3" in app.jinja_env.globals.keys()
+    assert app.jinja_env.globals["my_get_stuff_custom_name_3"] == get_stuff_3
+    assert app.jinja_env.globals["my_get_stuff_custom_name_3"](), "get_stuff_3"
+
     with app.app_context():
         rv = flask.render_template_string("{{ get_answer() }}")
         assert rv == "42"
 
+        rv = flask.render_template_string("{{ get_stuff_1() }}")
+        assert rv == "get_stuff_1"
+
+        rv = flask.render_template_string("{{ my_get_stuff_custom_name_2() }}")
+        assert rv == "get_stuff_2"
+
+        rv = flask.render_template_string("{{ my_get_stuff_custom_name_3() }}")
+        assert rv == "get_stuff_3"
+
 
 def test_request_processing(app, client):
     bp = flask.Blueprint("bp", __name__)

tests/test_cli.py

@@ -462,7 +462,7 @@ class TestRoutes:
 
     def expect_order(self, order, output):
         # skip the header and match the start of each row
-        for expect, line in zip(order, output.splitlines()[2:]):
+        for expect, line in zip(order, output.splitlines()[2:], strict=False):
             # do this instead of startswith for nicer pytest output
             assert line[: len(expect)] == expect
 
@@ -489,6 +489,7 @@ class TestRoutes:
     def test_all_methods(self, invoke):
         output = invoke(["routes"]).output
         assert "GET, HEAD, OPTIONS, POST" not in output
+
         output = invoke(["routes", "--all-methods"]).output
         assert "GET, HEAD, OPTIONS, POST" in output
 

tests/test_helpers.py

@@ -32,45 +32,39 @@ class PyBytesIO:
 
 class TestSendfile:
     def test_send_file(self, app, req_ctx):
-        rv = flask.send_file("static/index.html")
-        assert rv.direct_passthrough
-        assert rv.mimetype == "text/html"
-
         with app.open_resource("static/index.html") as f:
-            rv.direct_passthrough = False
-            assert rv.data == f.read()
+            expect = f.read()
 
-        rv.close()
+        with flask.send_file("static/index.html") as rv:
+            assert rv.direct_passthrough
+            assert rv.mimetype == "text/html"
+            rv.direct_passthrough = False
+            assert rv.data == expect
 
     def test_static_file(self, app, req_ctx):
         # Default max_age is None.
 
         # Test with static file handler.
-        rv = app.send_static_file("index.html")
-        assert rv.cache_control.max_age is None
-        rv.close()
+        with app.send_static_file("index.html") as rv:
+            assert rv.cache_control.max_age is None
 
         # Test with direct use of send_file.
-        rv = flask.send_file("static/index.html")
-        assert rv.cache_control.max_age is None
-        rv.close()
+        with flask.send_file("static/index.html") as rv:
+            assert rv.cache_control.max_age is None
 
         app.config["SEND_FILE_MAX_AGE_DEFAULT"] = 3600
 
         # Test with static file handler.
-        rv = app.send_static_file("index.html")
-        assert rv.cache_control.max_age == 3600
-        rv.close()
+        with app.send_static_file("index.html") as rv:
+            assert rv.cache_control.max_age == 3600
 
         # Test with direct use of send_file.
-        rv = flask.send_file("static/index.html")
-        assert rv.cache_control.max_age == 3600
-        rv.close()
+        with flask.send_file("static/index.html") as rv:
+            assert rv.cache_control.max_age == 3600
 
         # Test with pathlib.Path.
-        rv = app.send_static_file(FakePath("index.html"))
-        assert rv.cache_control.max_age == 3600
-        rv.close()
+        with app.send_static_file(FakePath("index.html")) as rv:
+            assert rv.cache_control.max_age == 3600
 
         class StaticFileApp(flask.Flask):
             def get_send_file_max_age(self, filename):
@@ -80,23 +74,21 @@ class TestSendfile:
 
         with app.test_request_context():
             # Test with static file handler.
-            rv = app.send_static_file("index.html")
-            assert rv.cache_control.max_age == 10
-            rv.close()
+            with app.send_static_file("index.html") as rv:
+                assert rv.cache_control.max_age == 10
 
             # Test with direct use of send_file.
-            rv = flask.send_file("static/index.html")
-            assert rv.cache_control.max_age == 10
-            rv.close()
+            with flask.send_file("static/index.html") as rv:
+                assert rv.cache_control.max_age == 10
 
     def test_send_from_directory(self, app, req_ctx):
         app.root_path = os.path.join(
             os.path.dirname(__file__), "test_apps", "subdomaintestmodule"
         )
-        rv = flask.send_from_directory("static", "hello.txt")
-        rv.direct_passthrough = False
-        assert rv.data.strip() == b"Hello Subdomain"
-        rv.close()
+
+        with flask.send_from_directory("static", "hello.txt") as rv:
+            rv.direct_passthrough = False
+            assert rv.data.strip() == b"Hello Subdomain"
 
 
 class TestUrlFor:
@@ -319,15 +311,17 @@ class TestStreaming:
 
         # response is closed without reading stream
         client.get().close()
+
         # response stream is read
-        assert client.get().text == "flask"
+        with client.get() as rv:
+            assert rv.text == "flask"
 
         # same as above, but with client context preservation
         with client:
             client.get().close()
 
-        with client:
-            assert client.get().text == "flask"
+        with client, client.get() as rv:
+            assert rv.text == "flask"
 
 
 class TestHelpers:

tests/test_reqctx.py

@@ -1,16 +1,15 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import collections.abc as cabc
 import warnings
+from concurrent import futures
 
 import pytest
 
 import flask
-from flask.globals import request_ctx
 from flask.sessions import SecureCookieSessionInterface
 from flask.sessions import SessionInterface
-
-try:
-    from greenlet import greenlet
-except ImportError:
-    greenlet = None
+from flask.testing import FlaskClient
 
 
 def test_teardown_on_pop(app):
@@ -145,61 +144,34 @@ def test_manual_context_binding(app):
         index()
 
 
-@pytest.mark.skipif(greenlet is None, reason="greenlet not installed")
-class TestGreenletContextCopying:
-    def test_greenlet_context_copying(self, app, client):
-        greenlets = []
+def test_copy_context_thread(
+    request: pytest.FixtureRequest, app: flask.Flask, client: FlaskClient
+) -> None:
+    executor = futures.ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=2)
+    request.addfinalizer(lambda: executor.shutdown(cancel_futures=True))
+    result: cabc.Iterator[int] | None = None
 
-        @app.route("/")
-        def index():
-            flask.session["fizz"] = "buzz"
-            reqctx = request_ctx.copy()
+    @app.route("/")
+    def index():
+        flask.session["fizz"] = "buzz"
 
-            def g():
-                assert not flask.request
-                assert not flask.current_app
-                with reqctx:
-                    assert flask.request
-                    assert flask.current_app == app
-                    assert flask.request.path == "/"
-                    assert flask.request.args["foo"] == "bar"
-                    assert flask.session.get("fizz") == "buzz"
-                assert not flask.request
-                return 42
+        @flask.copy_current_request_context
+        def work(n: int) -> int:
+            assert flask.current_app == app
+            assert flask.request.path == "/"
+            assert flask.request.args["foo"] == "bar"
+            assert flask.session["fizz"] == "buzz"
+            return n
 
-            greenlets.append(greenlet(g))
-            return "Hello World!"
+        nonlocal result
+        result = executor.map(work, range(10))
+        return "Hello World!"
 
-        rv = client.get("/?foo=bar")
-        assert rv.data == b"Hello World!"
+    rv = client.get(query_string={"foo": "bar"})
+    assert rv.text == "Hello World!"
 
-        result = greenlets[0].run()
-        assert result == 42
-
-    def test_greenlet_context_copying_api(self, app, client):
-        greenlets = []
-
-        @app.route("/")
-        def index():
-            flask.session["fizz"] = "buzz"
-
-            @flask.copy_current_request_context
-            def g():
-                assert flask.request
-                assert flask.current_app == app
-                assert flask.request.path == "/"
-                assert flask.request.args["foo"] == "bar"
-                assert flask.session.get("fizz") == "buzz"
-                return 42
-
-            greenlets.append(greenlet(g))
-            return "Hello World!"
-
-        rv = client.get("/?foo=bar")
-        assert rv.data == b"Hello World!"
-
-        result = greenlets[0].run()
-        assert result == 42
+    assert result is not None
+    assert set(result) == set(range(10))
 
 
 def test_session_error_pops_context():
@@ -275,51 +247,3 @@ def test_session_dynamic_cookie_name():
     # cookies are being used for the urls that end with "dynamic cookie"
     assert test_client.get("/get").data == b"42"
     assert test_client.get("/get_dynamic_cookie").data == b"616"
-
-
-def test_bad_environ_raises_bad_request():
-    app = flask.Flask(__name__)
-
-    from flask.testing import EnvironBuilder
-
-    builder = EnvironBuilder(app)
-    environ = builder.get_environ()
-
-    # use a non-printable character in the Host - this is key to this test
-    environ["HTTP_HOST"] = "\x8a"
-
-    with app.request_context(environ):
-        response = app.full_dispatch_request()
-    assert response.status_code == 400
-
-
-def test_environ_for_valid_idna_completes():
-    app = flask.Flask(__name__)
-
-    @app.route("/")
-    def index():
-        return "Hello World!"
-
-    from flask.testing import EnvironBuilder
-
-    builder = EnvironBuilder(app)
-    environ = builder.get_environ()
-
-    # these characters are all IDNA-compatible
-    environ["HTTP_HOST"] = "ąśźäüжŠßя.com"
-
-    with app.request_context(environ):
-        response = app.full_dispatch_request()
-
-    assert response.status_code == 200
-
-
-def test_normal_environ_completes():
-    app = flask.Flask(__name__)
-
-    @app.route("/")
-    def index():
-        return "Hello World!"
-
-    response = app.test_client().get("/", headers={"host": "xn--on-0ia.com"})
-    assert response.status_code == 200

tests/test_session_interface.py

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import flask
-from flask.globals import request_ctx
+from flask.globals import app_ctx
 from flask.sessions import SessionInterface
 
 
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ def test_open_session_with_endpoint():
             pass
 
         def open_session(self, app, request):
-            request_ctx.match_request()
+            app_ctx.match_request()
             assert request.endpoint is not None
 
     app = flask.Flask(__name__)

tests/test_subclassing.py

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import flask
 
 def test_suppressed_exception_logging():
     class SuppressedFlask(flask.Flask):
-        def log_exception(self, exc_info):
+        def log_exception(self, ctx, exc_info):
             pass
 
     out = StringIO()

tests/test_templating.py

@@ -129,6 +129,30 @@ def test_template_filter(app):
     assert app.jinja_env.filters["my_reverse"] == my_reverse
     assert app.jinja_env.filters["my_reverse"]("abcd") == "dcba"
 
+    @app.template_filter
+    def my_reverse_2(s):
+        return s[::-1]
+
+    assert "my_reverse_2" in app.jinja_env.filters.keys()
+    assert app.jinja_env.filters["my_reverse_2"] == my_reverse_2
+    assert app.jinja_env.filters["my_reverse_2"]("abcd") == "dcba"
+
+    @app.template_filter("my_reverse_custom_name_3")
+    def my_reverse_3(s):
+        return s[::-1]
+
+    assert "my_reverse_custom_name_3" in app.jinja_env.filters.keys()
+    assert app.jinja_env.filters["my_reverse_custom_name_3"] == my_reverse_3
+    assert app.jinja_env.filters["my_reverse_custom_name_3"]("abcd") == "dcba"
+
+    @app.template_filter(name="my_reverse_custom_name_4")
+    def my_reverse_4(s):
+        return s[::-1]
+
+    assert "my_reverse_custom_name_4" in app.jinja_env.filters.keys()
+    assert app.jinja_env.filters["my_reverse_custom_name_4"] == my_reverse_4
+    assert app.jinja_env.filters["my_reverse_custom_name_4"]("abcd") == "dcba"
+
 
 def test_add_template_filter(app):
     def my_reverse(s):
@@ -223,6 +247,30 @@ def test_template_test(app):
     assert app.jinja_env.tests["boolean"] == boolean
     assert app.jinja_env.tests["boolean"](False)
 
+    @app.template_test
+    def boolean_2(value):
+        return isinstance(value, bool)
+
+    assert "boolean_2" in app.jinja_env.tests.keys()
+    assert app.jinja_env.tests["boolean_2"] == boolean_2
+    assert app.jinja_env.tests["boolean_2"](False)
+
+    @app.template_test("my_boolean_custom_name")
+    def boolean_3(value):
+        return isinstance(value, bool)
+
+    assert "my_boolean_custom_name" in app.jinja_env.tests.keys()
+    assert app.jinja_env.tests["my_boolean_custom_name"] == boolean_3
+    assert app.jinja_env.tests["my_boolean_custom_name"](False)
+
+    @app.template_test(name="my_boolean_custom_name_2")
+    def boolean_4(value):
+        return isinstance(value, bool)
+
+    assert "my_boolean_custom_name_2" in app.jinja_env.tests.keys()
+    assert app.jinja_env.tests["my_boolean_custom_name_2"] == boolean_4
+    assert app.jinja_env.tests["my_boolean_custom_name_2"](False)
+
 
 def test_add_template_test(app):
     def boolean(value):
@@ -320,6 +368,39 @@ def test_add_template_global(app, app_ctx):
     rv = flask.render_template_string("{{ get_stuff() }}")
     assert rv == "42"
 
+    @app.template_global
+    def get_stuff_1():
+        return "get_stuff_1"
+
+    assert "get_stuff_1" in app.jinja_env.globals.keys()
+    assert app.jinja_env.globals["get_stuff_1"] == get_stuff_1
+    assert app.jinja_env.globals["get_stuff_1"](), "get_stuff_1"
+
+    rv = flask.render_template_string("{{ get_stuff_1() }}")
+    assert rv == "get_stuff_1"
+
+    @app.template_global("my_get_stuff_custom_name_2")
+    def get_stuff_2():
+        return "get_stuff_2"
+
+    assert "my_get_stuff_custom_name_2" in app.jinja_env.globals.keys()
+    assert app.jinja_env.globals["my_get_stuff_custom_name_2"] == get_stuff_2
+    assert app.jinja_env.globals["my_get_stuff_custom_name_2"](), "get_stuff_2"
+
+    rv = flask.render_template_string("{{ my_get_stuff_custom_name_2() }}")
+    assert rv == "get_stuff_2"
+
+    @app.template_global(name="my_get_stuff_custom_name_3")
+    def get_stuff_3():
+        return "get_stuff_3"
+
+    assert "my_get_stuff_custom_name_3" in app.jinja_env.globals.keys()
+    assert app.jinja_env.globals["my_get_stuff_custom_name_3"] == get_stuff_3
+    assert app.jinja_env.globals["my_get_stuff_custom_name_3"](), "get_stuff_3"
+
+    rv = flask.render_template_string("{{ my_get_stuff_custom_name_3() }}")
+    assert rv == "get_stuff_3"
+
 
 def test_custom_template_loader(client):
     class MyFlask(flask.Flask):

tests/test_testing.py

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import pytest
 import flask
 from flask import appcontext_popped
 from flask.cli import ScriptInfo
-from flask.globals import _cv_request
+from flask.globals import _cv_app
 from flask.json import jsonify
 from flask.testing import EnvironBuilder
 from flask.testing import FlaskCliRunner
@@ -76,7 +76,6 @@ def test_client_open_environ(app, client, request):
         return flask.request.remote_addr
 
     builder = EnvironBuilder(app, path="/index", method="GET")
-    request.addfinalizer(builder.close)
 
     rv = client.open(builder)
     assert rv.data == b"127.0.0.1"
@@ -382,4 +381,4 @@ def test_client_pop_all_preserved(app, req_ctx, client):
     # close the response, releasing the context held by stream_with_context
     rv.close()
     # only req_ctx fixture should still be pushed
-    assert _cv_request.get(None) is req_ctx
+    assert _cv_app.get(None) is req_ctx

tests/test_views.py

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import pytest
 from werkzeug.http import parse_set_header
 
 import flask.views
+from flask.testing import FlaskClient
 
 
 def common_test(app):
@@ -98,44 +99,55 @@ def test_view_decorators(app, client):
     assert rv.data == b"Awesome"
 
 
-def test_view_provide_automatic_options_attr():
-    app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+def test_view_provide_automatic_options_attr_disable(
+    app: flask.Flask, client: FlaskClient
+) -> None:
+    """Automatic options can be disabled by the view class attribute."""
 
-    class Index1(flask.views.View):
+    class Index(flask.views.View):
         provide_automatic_options = False
 
         def dispatch_request(self):
             return "Hello World!"
 
-    app.add_url_rule("/", view_func=Index1.as_view("index"))
-    c = app.test_client()
-    rv = c.open("/", method="OPTIONS")
+    app.add_url_rule("/", view_func=Index.as_view("index"))
+    rv = client.options()
     assert rv.status_code == 405
 
-    app = flask.Flask(__name__)
 
-    class Index2(flask.views.View):
-        methods = ["OPTIONS"]
+def test_view_provide_automatic_options_attr_enable(
+    app: flask.Flask, client: FlaskClient
+) -> None:
+    """When default automatic options is disabled in config, it can still be
+    enabled by the view class attribute.
+    """
+    app.config["PROVIDE_AUTOMATIC_OPTIONS"] = False
+
+    class Index(flask.views.View):
         provide_automatic_options = True
 
         def dispatch_request(self):
             return "Hello World!"
 
-    app.add_url_rule("/", view_func=Index2.as_view("index"))
-    c = app.test_client()
-    rv = c.open("/", method="OPTIONS")
-    assert sorted(rv.allow) == ["OPTIONS"]
+    app.add_url_rule("/", view_func=Index.as_view("index"))
+    rv = client.options("/")
+    assert rv.allow == {"GET", "HEAD", "OPTIONS"}
 
-    app = flask.Flask(__name__)
 
-    class Index3(flask.views.View):
+def test_provide_automatic_options_method_disable(
+    app: flask.Flask, client: FlaskClient
+) -> None:
+    """Automatic options is ignored if the route handles options."""
+
+    class Index(flask.views.View):
+        methods = ["OPTIONS"]
+
         def dispatch_request(self):
-            return "Hello World!"
+            return "", {"X-Test": "test"}
 
-    app.add_url_rule("/", view_func=Index3.as_view("index"))
-    c = app.test_client()
-    rv = c.open("/", method="OPTIONS")
-    assert "OPTIONS" in rv.allow
+    app.add_url_rule("/", view_func=Index.as_view("index"))
+    rv = client.options()
+    assert rv.headers["X-Test"] == "test"
 
 
 def test_implicit_head(app, client):
@@ -180,7 +192,7 @@ def test_endpoint_override(app):
     app.add_url_rule("/", view_func=Index.as_view("index"))
 
     with pytest.raises(AssertionError):
-        app.add_url_rule("/", view_func=Index.as_view("index"))
+        app.add_url_rule("/other", view_func=Index.as_view("index"))
 
     # But these tests should still pass. We just log a warning.
     common_test(app)